FIG 3.

Induction of autophagy with starvation or rapamycin facilitates viral replication. (A) The culture medium of A549 cells was exchanged with Ham’s F-12 medium without FBS for 6 h or pretreated with a control (DMSO) or 500 nM rapamycin for 12 h and then were mock infected or infected with HM/06 at an MOI of 0.1. At 24 hpi, cell lysates were collected and subjected to the Western blot analysis. (B) A549 cells were treated as described for panel A. Cell culture supernatants were collected, and virus titers were determined by TCID₅₀ assay. Means and SD (error bars) of three independent experiments are indicated (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01).