Table 2.
Overview of Studies Reporting on the Psychometric Properties of the HDRS in Non-Western Populations.
| Location (Sample Size) | Characteristics of Respondents | |
|---|---|---|
| Furukawa et al.15 | United States, Caucasians (n = 2828) Europe, Caucasians (n = 1120) Japan (n = 1237) | Patients diagnosed with major depression, single or recurrent, and undergoing treatment with antidepressants. Exclusion criteria: severe physical illness, suicide risk, incomplete response. |
| Fleck et al.16 | Brazil (n = 70) | Inpatients diagnosed with major depression. |
| Daradkeh et al.7 | Middle East (n = 73) | Inpatients diagnosed with depression. The nationality of the population of the study is not specified but assumed to be from the Middle East. |
| Akdemir et al.6 | Ankara, Turkey (n = 94) | Sixty-two female and 32 male patients with any DSM-III-R depressive mood disorder (major depression, dysthymia, and depressive period of bipolar depression and major depression and dysthymia) diagnosed by the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) for DSM-III-R. Forty-four healthy individuals served as a control group, but their responses were not included in the factor analysis. |
| Zheng et al.17 | China (n = 329) | A total of 126 inpatients and 203 outpatients. Sampled in 24 different locations in China, both urban and rural. Mean GAF score: 43.6. Criteria for inclusion: 1) currently meeting criteria of one of the DSM-III depression-related diagnoses, 2) being at least 16 years of age, and 3) having at least 7 years of education. |
| Binitie18 | Benin (unknown) | All patients diagnosed with an affective disorder. |
| Hamdi et al.19 | United Arab Emirates (n = 100) | A total of 67 inpatients and 33 outpatients, all fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for “depressive disorders” (in accordance with the World Health Organization Diagnostic Criteria for Research). The sample consisted of 53 nationals and 47 expatriates. The expatriates were mostly from other Arab countries, with 9 individuals from the Asian subcontinent. |
| Lotrakul et al.20 | Thailand (n = 50) | Fifty depressive patients, both inpatients and outpatients. |
| Jang et al.10 | Korea (n = 1183) | Both in- and outpatients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (psychotic or nonpsychotic), dysthymia, or depressive disorder not otherwise specified according to DSM-IV criteria. Exclusion criteria: diagnosis of schizophrenia, organic mental disorder, seizure disorder, eating disorder, brief psychotic disorder, or schizoaffective disorder, or presence of clinically significant nephrological, haematological, cardiovascular, respiratory, cerebrovascular, or endocrinological disease. |
| Bech et al.12 | Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, England, France, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, the United States, Germany/Austria (n = 1128) | All patients fulfilled DSM-III criteria for panic disorders with the following modifications: only 3 symptoms were required in an attack, rather than 4. Exclusion criteria: melancholia (endogenous depression), psychotic depression, any history of bipolar disorder, a current episode of depression that did not appear after the current episode of panic. All patients took part in a randomised trial, receiving imipramine or placebo. A third group receiving alprazolam was not included in this article. All 3 groups totalled 1128 patients at baseline. We assume this is the number of respondents used to analyse the HDRS. |
| Lee et al.13 | China (n = 214) | Psychiatric outpatients; 44.4% were in a DSM-IV current major depressive episode. |
| Bachner14 | Israel (n = 125) | Bedouin Arabs who were primary carers for cancer patients. |
DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.