Table 2.
Factors associated with exacerbation | Factors associated with re-exacerbation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General characteristics | HR | Lower/upper 95% confidence interval | p | HR | Lower/upper 95% confidence interval | p |
Age (years) | 1.084 | 0.977/1.203 | 0.127 | 1.168 | 0.977/1.396 | 0.088 |
Male sex | 0.825 | 0.654/1.042 | 0.107 | 0.991 | 0.705/1.393 | 0.958 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.832 | 0.650/1.064 | 0.142 | 1.201 | 0.847/1.703 | 0.304 |
Current smokers | 0.954 | 0.755/1.205 | 0.693 | 0.803 | 0.574/1.122 | 0.198 |
Lung function | ||||||
FEV1/FVC | 0.862 | 0.773/0.962 | 0.008 | 0.953 | 0.810/1.121 | 0.559 |
FEV1 %Ref | 0.877 | 0.812/0.947 | 0.001 | 1.000 | 0.864/1.157 | 0.997 |
FVC %Ref | 0.941 | 0.868/1.019 | 0.132 | 0.998 | 0.896/1.111 | 0.966 |
Symptoms | ||||||
mMRC dyspnea scale 0–1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
mMRC dyspnea scale 2 | 1.349 | 1.055/1.726 | 0.017 | 1.332 | 0.859/2.065 | 0.200 |
mMRC dyspnea scale 3 | 1.371 | 0.993/1.892 | 0.055 | 1.434 | 0.925/2.223 | 0.107 |
mMRC dyspnea scale 4 | 3.036 | 1.930/4.777 | < 0.001 | 1.974 | 1.083/3.600 | 0.026 |
Cough | 1.238 | 0.998/1.535 | 0.052 | 1.344 | 0.838/2.156 | 0.220 |
Sputum | 1.396 | 1.126/1.731 | 0.002 | 1.160 | 0.765/1.759 | 0.485 |
Treatment | ||||||
Short-acting bronchodilators | 1.665 | 1.323/2.096 | < 0.001 | 1.072 | 0.774/1.485 | 0.677 |
Long-acting ß2-agonists (LABA) | 1.037 | 0.813/1.324 | 0.768 | 0.857 | 0.612/1.199 | 0.368 |
Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) | 0.918 | 0.739/1.141 | 0.440 | 0.723 | 0.527/0.991 | 0.044 |
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) | 1.460 | 1.120/1.903 | 0.005 | 0.965 | 0.694/1.343 | 0.834 |
Inhaled combination therapy (LABA+ICS) | 1.200 | 0.956/1.505 | 0.116 | 1.397 | 0.988/1.974 | 0.058 |
Systemic corticosteroids | 1.764 | 1.118/2.785 | 0.015 | 0.820 | 0.544/1.235 | 0.342 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Asthma | 1.271 | 0.965/1.675 | 0.088 | 0.997 | 0.676/1.472 | 0.988 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.122 | 0.836/1.507 | 0.433 | 1.185 | 0.782/1.796 | 0.424 |
Hypertension | 1.108 | 0.869/1.413 | 0.408 | 0.852 | 0.610/1.190 | 0.348 |
Coronary heart disease | 1.239 | 0.933/1.644 | 0.139 | 1.177 | 0.796/1.741 | 0.413 |
Heart failure | 0.988 | 0.695/1.404 | 0.947 | 0.988 | 0.598/1.631 | 0.961 |
Cerebrovascular Insult (CVI) | 0.975 | 0.509/1.868 | 0.940 | 2.073 | 1.288/3.337 | 0.003 |
Other | ||||||
Sports (at least twice a week) | 1.062 | 0.830/1.360 | 0.630 | 0.609 | 0.388/0.956 | 0.031 |
Pulmonary rehabilitation | 1.061 | 0.636/1.769 | 0.821 | 0.578 | 0.294/1.135 | 0.111 |
Hospitalization for any reason | 1.701 | 1.021/2.833 | 0.041 | 0.939 | 0.593/1.487 | 0.788 |