Table 1.

Current treatment landscape for insomnia, muscle cramps, and fatigue^a

Intervention Type	Insomnia	Muscle Cramps	Fatigue
Behavioral	Cognitive–behavioral therapy	Physical exercise	Cognitive–behavioral therapy
	Physical exercise		Physical exercise
	Sleep hygiene training		Stress management
	Sleep restriction		Energy conservation
	Relaxation training
Pharmacologicb	Sedative hypnotics	Vasodilators	Human growth hormone
	Anxiolytics	Neurologic agents	Anabolic steroids
	Antipsychotics	Quinine	Anxiolytics
	Antidepressants	Intradialytic saline, hypertonic saline, glucose, and mannitol	Antidepressants
	Antihistamines	Oral rehydration salts	Psychostimulants
	Melatonin		Erythropoietics
			Iron
Dietary supplements		L-carnitine, potassium, magnesium, vitamins E and C, creatinine	L-carnitine, vitamins B-12 and D, essential fatty acids
Dialysis-related	Home dialysis	Home dialysis	Home dialysis
	Frequent hemodialysis	Frequent hemodialysis	Frequent hemodialysis
	Shift, schedule	Fluid removal rate	Shift, schedule
	Dialysate temperature	Treatment time	Fluid removal rate
		Ultrafiltration profiling	Treatment time
		Sodium profiling	Extracellular hypervolemia
		Dialysate composition
		Dialysate temperature
Comorbid condition treatment	Restless leg syndrome	Liver disease	Depression
	Obstructive sleep apnea	Neurologic disease	Anxiety
	Depression	Thyroid dysfunction	Sleep disorders
	Anxiety		Thyroid dysfunction
			Parathyroid disease
			Numerous other conditions
Other	Transplantation	Transplantation	Transplantation
	Circadian rhythm resynchronization	Tonic water	Acupressure
	Light therapy	Pickle juice	Hypnosis
	Acupressure	Yellow mustard
	Hypnosis	White sugar
		Chicken broth
		Salt water

^aListed therapies are representative and are not exhaustive of all potential symptom-alleviating therapies.

^bIncludes short- and long-term drugs, prescription and over-the-counter drugs, compounds, and hormones.