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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 5.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pharmacol. 2019 Jan 11;846:23–29. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.002

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Molecular targets of metformin and SGLT2 inhibitors. A) After its uptake through Oct1 in hepatocytes, metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis (and thereby glucose output) through inhibition of complex I or mGPD, a decrease in ATP/ADP ratio, inhibition of AC by AMP, and activation of AMPK. B) SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit SGLT2-mediated reabsorption of glucose in the S1 segment of renal proximal tubule. I, II, III, IV, complexes I through IV; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclic AMP; cGPD, cytosolic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GLUT1, glucose transporter-1; GLUT2, glucose transporter-2; G3P, glycerol-3-phosphate; mGPD, mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; Oct1, organic cation transporter-1; PKA, protein kinase A; SGLT1, sodium glucose co-transporter-1; SGLT2, sodium glucose co-transporter-2; ⊥, inhibition; ↑, increase; ↓ decrease.