Table 2.

Characteristics of the Study Population According to Their Glucose Regulation Status

	Subjects With No History of Diabetes			Subjects With Known T2D
Variable	Group 1 (NGT)	Group 2 (Prediabetes)	Group 3 (New Diabetes)	Group 4 (on Diet Control)	Group 5 (on Metformin)	P
N	58	140	42	40	40
Age, y	58.6 ± 12.1	61.3 ± 11.5	63.0 ± 12.1	62.3 ± 10.5	63.7 ± 10.1	0.180
Male, n (%)	43 (74.1)	117 (83.6)	36 (85.7)	34 (85.0)	34 (85.0)	0.468
BMI, kg/m2	24.9 ± 3.1	26.1 ± 3.7	27.1 ± 3.7	26.9 ± 3.5	26.6 ± 3.4	0.017
Systolic BP, mm Hg	122 ± 19	128 ± 18	129 ± 19	131 ± 19	133 ± 11	0.047
Diastolic BP, mm Hg	73 ± 10	75 ± 11	74 ± 10	80 ± 14	79 ± 9	0.007
Smoking, n (%)	7 (12.1)	12 (8.6)	6 (14.3)	5 (12.5)	7 (17.5)	0.565
Diabetes duration, y	N/A	N/A	N/A	4.4 ± 5.3	4.8 ± 6.8	<0.001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	177 ± 50	168 ± 33	165 ± 40	184 ± 42	175 ± 36	0.154
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	115 ± 45	106 ± 30	100 ± 28	114 ± 38	110 ± 34	0.187
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	48 ± 14	47 ± 14	43 ± 11	47 ± 12	46 ± 10	0.289
Triglycerides, mg/dL	128 ± 72	132 ± 74	171 ± 156	203 ± 176	147 ± 63	0.002
Fasting PG, mg/dL	88 ± 6	94 ± 7	108 ± 19	132 ± 46	139 ± 33	<0.001
OGTT 2-h PG, mg/dL	112 ± 21	144 ± 31	229 ± 45	N/A	N/A	<0.001
HbA1c, %	5.3 ± 0.2	5.7 ± 0.4	6.4 ± 0.7	7.0 ± 1.4	7.3 ± 1.4	<0.001
HOMA-IRa	2.3 ± 1.2	2.6 ± 2.0	3.0 ± 1.9	N/A	N/A	0.129
HOMA-βa	152 ± 82	128 ± 93	121 ± 110	N/A	N/A	0.009
Adipsin, µg/mLa	4.0 ± 1.1	4.0 ± 1.5	3.8 ± 1.1	3.4 ± 1.0	3.0 ± 1.0	<0.001

Values are mean ± SD or n (%).

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; IR, insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; N/A, not applicable; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; PG, plasma glucose.

^aLog transformed (base 10) before analysis.