Table 2.
Characteristics of Fracture Study Subjects and Unadjusted ORs
| Fracture (n = 840) | No Fracture (n = 840) | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, no. (%) | ||||
| Female | 553 (65.8) | 553 (65.8) | ||
| Male | 284 (34.2) | 284 (34.2) | ||
| Race, no. (%) | ||||
| White | 284 (34.5) | 284 (34.5) | ||
| Black | 424 (51.5) | 424 (51.5) | ||
| Unknown/other | 115 (14.0) | 115 (14.0) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus classification, no. (%) | ||||
| Type 1 | 24 (2.9) | 24 (2.9) | ||
| Type 2 | 816 (97.1) | 816 (97.1) | ||
| Age at first HbA1c ≥6.5% in y, no. (%) | ||||
| ≥50 and <60 | 370 (44.1) | 362 (43.1) | ||
| ≥60 and <70 | 262 (31.2) | 270 (32.1) | ||
| ≥70 and <80 | 155 (18.5) | 157 (18.7) | ||
| ≥80 and <90 | 48 (5.7) | 47 (5.6) | ||
| ≥90 | 5 (0.6) | 4 (0.5) | ||
| Interval between first HbA1c ≥6.5% and last encounter in the database in mo, no. (%) | ||||
| <1 | 2 (0.2) | 5 (0.6) | ||
| ≥1 and <3 | 12 (1.4) | 8 (1.0) | ||
| ≥3 and <6 | 4 (0.5) | 4 (0.5) | ||
| ≥6 and <12 | 10 (1.2) | 9 (1.1) | ||
| ≥12 and <24 | 25 (3.0) | 14 (1.7) | ||
| ≥24 | 787 (93.7) | 800 (95.2) | ||
| Interval between first HbA1c ≥6.5% and outcome in mo, no. (%) | ||||
| <1 | 9 (1.1) | 10 (1.2) | ||
| ≥1 and <3 | 16 (1.9) | 14 (1.7) | ||
| ≥3 and <6 | 14 (1.7) | 14 (1.4) | ||
| ≥6 and <12 | 26 (3.1) | 27 (3.2) | ||
| ≥12 and <24 | 68 (8.1) | 69 (8.2) | ||
| ≥24 | 707 (84.2) | 706 (84.1) | ||
| Mean of median HbA1c (SD) | 7.32 (0.93) | 7.33 (0.93) | 0.73 (0.37–1.47) | 0.38 |
| Mean HbA1c (SD) | 7.42 (0.94) | 7.43 (1.00) | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 0.74 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 31.40 (7.61) | 32.54 (7.45) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | <0.001 |
| Coefficient of glucose variation, mean (SD) | 439 (446) | 548 (648) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | <0.001 |
| Medication history, no. (%) | ||||
| Antiepileptic | 132 (15.7) | 102 (12.1) | 1.34 (1.02–1.76) | 0.0382 |
| Antipsychotic | 26 (3.1) | 15 (1.8) | 1.85 (0.94–3.63) | 0.075 |
| Estrogen | 14 (1.7) | 14 (1.7) | 1.00 (0.46–2.16) | 1 |
| Glucocorticoid | 160 (19.1) | 149 (17.7) | 1.10 (0.85–1.41) | 0.4806 |
| Insulin | 296 (35.2) | 294 (35.0) | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) | 0.9149 |
| Loop diuretic | 93 (11.1) | 90 (10.7) | 1.04 (0.76–1.41) | 0.8131 |
| Metformin | 354 (42) | 406 (48) | 0.77 (0.63–0.94) | 0.009 |
| NSAID | 184 (21.9) | 189 (22.5) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.7663 |
| Opiate | 220 (26.2) | 176 (21.0) | 1.36 (1.08–1.72) | 0.0096 |
| Progesterone | 11 (1.3) | 9 (1.1) | 1.22 (0.51–2.95) | 0.6553 |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 230 (27.4) | 261 (31.1) | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) | 0.0937 |
| SSRI | 138 (16.4) | 108 (12.9) | 1.34 (1.02–1.77) | 0.0373 |
| Sulfonylurea | 221 (26) | 244 (29) | 0.86 (0.68–1.08) | 0.185 |
| Thiazide | 271 (32.3) | 313 (37.3) | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) | 0.0293 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 91 (9.6) | 102 (12.1) | 0.76 (0.55–1.04) | 0.0885 |
| Tricyclic antidepressant | 31 (3.7) | 34 (4.1) | 0.91 (0.55–1.50) | 0.701 |
| Disease history, no. (%) | ||||
| Osteoporosis | 105 (12.5) | 61 (7.3) | 1.92 (1.35–2.72) | 0.0003 |
| Liver | 66 (7.9) | 59 (7.0) | 1.13 (0.78–1.64) | 0.5105 |
| Pulmonary | 275 (32.7) | 179 (21.3) | 1.84 (1.46–2.30) | <0.0001 |
| Central nervous system | 238 (28.3) | 134 (16.0) | 2.07 (1.63–2.64) | <0.0001 |
| Malignancy | 27 (3.2) | 14 (1.7) | 2 (1.03–3.89) | 0.0413 |
| Acute kidney | 64 (7.6) | 31 (3.7) | 2.22 (1.41–3.50) | 0.0006 |
| Chronic kidney | 64 (7.6) | 36 (4.3) | 1.9 (1.23–2.94) | 0.0037 |
| Renal failure | 4 (0.5) | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.25–4.00) | 1 |
| Hypotension | 62 (7.4) | 36 (4.3) | 1.84 (1.19–2.85) | 0.0063 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 117 (13.9) | 70 (8.3) | 1.78 (1.30–2.45) | 0.0003 |
| Diabetic ophthalmopathy | 57 (6.8) | 39 (4.6) | 1.58 (1.01–2.48) | 0.046 |
| Diabetic peripheral circulatory | 13 (1.6) | 7 (0.8) | 1.86 (0.74–4.66) | 0.1867 |
| Hyponatremia | 58 (6.9) | 11 (1.3) | 8.83 (3.80–20.55) | <0.0001 |
| Behavioral history, no. (%) | ||||
| Tobacco use | 321 (38.2) | 224 (26.7) | 1.78 (1.43–2.22) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol use | 167 (19.9) | 132 (15.7) | 1.39 (1.06–1.82) | 0.0175 |