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. 2019 Jan 30;13:3. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00003

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Copyright © 2019 Domi, Stopponi, Domi, Ciccocioppo and Cannella.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Percentage of the total population (n = 63) of rats positive for zero (0crit), one (1crit), two (2crit) or three (3crit) addiction like criteria. (B) Normalized scores (z-scores) for each of the three criteria in msP and wistar rats. Values are presented as mean (±SEM). (C) Addiction score of 0crit, 1crit (addiction resistant rats) 2crit and 3crit (addiction prone rats). Values are presented as mean (±SEM). ^*p < 0.001, significant as compared to 0crit and 1crit, 2crit, 3crit rats in the global addiction score (GAS). °p < 0.001 significant as compared to 1crit and 2crit, 3crit rats in the GAS, ^#p < 0.05 significant as compared to 2crit vs. 3crit rats in the GAS. (D) Persistence of response for alcohol during the no-drug period. Values are presented as mean (±SEM). ^*p < 0.001, significant as compared to 0crit and 2crit, 3crit rats. °p < 0.01 significant as compared to 1crit and 2crit rats and °p < 0.001 as compared to 1crit and 3crit rats. (E) Motivation for alcohol during the PR schedule. Values are presented as mean (±SEM). ^*p < 0.001, significant as compared to 0crit and 2crit, 3crit rats. °p < 0.05 significant as compared to 1crit and 2crit rats and °p < 0.01 as compared to 1crit and 3crit rats. (F) Resistance to punishment during the punished reward test. Values are presented as mean (±SEM). ^*p < 0.001 significant as compared to 0crit and 3crit rats. ^*p < 0.01, significant as compared to 0crit and 1crit, 2crit rats. °p < 0.01 significant as compared to 1crit and 3crit rats, ^#p < 0.05 significant as compared to 2crit and 3crit rats.