Box 1.

Relationship between diabetes and susceptibility/increased disease severity for significant pathogens in low- and middle-income countries. See text for discussion of evidence.

Established increased susceptibility/severity (several good quality studies)	Probable increased susceptibility/severity (some evidence)	Further evidence of interaction needed (single or conflicting reports, or lack of data)	Potential inverse interaction (single studies or more)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)	Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)	Plasmodium falciparum (malaria)	Schistosoma species
Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis)	Orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus)	Zika	Strongyloides stercoralis
Gram-negative bacteria, especially E. coli and Klebsiella	Hepatitis B	Trypanosoma cruzi	Wuchereria bancrofti (filariasis)
Staphylococcus aureus	Hepatitis C
Streptococcal species	Chikungunya
Influenza	Varicella zoster
Dengue	Human immunodeficiency virus
West Nile virus	Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
	Leishmania species