Box 1.
Relationship between diabetes and susceptibility/increased disease severity for significant pathogens in low- and middle-income countries. See text for discussion of evidence.
Established increased susceptibility/severity (several good quality studies) | Probable increased susceptibility/severity (some evidence) | Further evidence of interaction needed (single or conflicting reports, or lack of data) | Potential inverse interaction (single studies or more) |
---|---|---|---|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) | Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy) | Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) | Schistosoma species |
Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis) | Orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus) | Zika | Strongyloides stercoralis |
Gram-negative bacteria, especially E. coli and Klebsiella | Hepatitis B | Trypanosoma cruzi | Wuchereria bancrofti (filariasis) |
Staphylococcus aureus | Hepatitis C | ||
Streptococcal species | Chikungunya | ||
Influenza | Varicella zoster | ||
Dengue | Human immunodeficiency virus | ||
West Nile virus | Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | ||
Leishmania species |