Table 6. Concurrent validity statistics for the daytime and night-time behavioural observations part of the behavioural welfare tool.

Element of tool	Validated against ethogram analysis	Statistics from GLMs	Validity accepted
Day-time questions
1.1. Stereotypy	Proportion Stereotypy	t = 2.75, P = 0.012	YES
2.2. Sand rolling	Proportion Maintenance behaviour	t = 2.01, P = 0.057	NO
2.3. Wallowing	Proportion Wallowing	t = 5.14, P<0.001	YES
3.1. Feeding	Proportion feeding	t = 2.72, P = 0.012	YES
3.2. Feed outside schedule	Proportion feeding	t = 2.29, P = 0.032	YES
6.1. Interact(ion) environment	Proportion Interaction environment	t = 2.04, P = 0.045	YES
6.2. Avoid others	Proportion of time within proximity of 3 elephant lengths or less to others	t = 3.60, P = 0.033	YES
6.3. Affiliative	Proportion of time engaged in presumed affiliative behaviour	t = 2.42, P = 0.024	YES
6.4. Agonistic	Proportion of time engaged in presumed agonistic behaviour	t = 2.39, P = 0.026	YES
6.5. Object play	Proportion of time engaged in object play	t = 1.37, P = 0.185	NO
6.6. Play others	Proportion of time engaged in play with others	t = 2.98, P = 0.007	YES
Night-time observations
Feeding observations	Proportion of observations feeding*	t = 3.31 P = 0.002	YES
Standing rest others	Proportion of observations standing rest others	t = 2.26 P = 0.040	YES
Lying rest near others	Proportion of observations lying rest others	t = 3.05 P = 0.008	YES
Lying rest total	Proportion of observations lying rest	t = 2.85 P = 0.012	YES
Stereotypy	Presence or absence of stereotypy*	t = 5.32 P<0.001	YES
Agonistic behaviour	Proportion of observations agonistic behaviour	t = 2.79 P = 0.014	YES
Longest period lying rest	Longest bout of lying rest*	t = 2.29 P = 0.041	YES
Environment interaction	Presence or absence of environmental interactions	t = 2.12, P = 0.034	YES

* significance based on matched night