Table 3. Analyses of risk factors for osteoporosis in patients with and without ankylosing spondylitis.
| Predictive variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | 2.17 (1.83–2.55) | < 0.001 | 1.99 (1.68–2.36) | < 0.001 |
| Age (< 65 = 0, ≥ 65 = 1) | 7.17 (6.09–8.43) | < 0.001 | 4.56 (3.70–5.61) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (Male = 0, Female = 1) | 3.27 (2.77–3.85) | < 0.001 | 3.39 (2.87–4.02) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Depressive disorder | 1.11 (0.53–2.34) | 0.781 | ||
| Hypertension | 4.08 (3.48–4.79) | < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.16–1.76) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3.11 (2.57–3.78) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (0.95–1.50) | 0.124 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3.13 (2.62–3.73) | < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.16–1.77) | 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3.64 (2.96–4.49) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (0.98–1.56) | 0.074 |
| COPD | 3.10 (2.53–3.78) | < 0.001 | 1.53 (1.23–1.90) | < 0.001 |
| Nephropathy | 2.38 (1.90–2.97) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (0.84–1.35) | 0.621 |
| Autoimmune disease | 2.27 (1.72–3.02) | < 0.001 | 1.76 (1.32–2.34) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatitis B | 0.63 (0.33–1.22) | 0.168 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 2.76 (1.31–5.81) | 0.008 | 1.44 (0.67–3.09) | 0.349 |
| Degree of urbanization | ||||
| Urban | Reference | |||
| Suburban | 1.41 (1.19–1.67) | 0.003 | 1.12 (0.94–1.33) | 0.205 |
| Rural | 2.16 (1.66–2.81) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (0.90–1.56) | 0.222 |
| Income group | ||||
| High income | Reference | Reference | ||
| Medium income | 1.12 (0.78–1.62) | 0.544 | 0.96 (0.67–1.39) | 0.836 |
| Low income | 2.42 (1.78–3.29) | < 0.001 | 1.33 (0.97–1.83) | 0.082 |
| No income | 2.64 (1.90–3.67) | 0.378 | 1.10 (0.78–1.56) | 0.585 |
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease