Table 4. Analyses of risk factors for osteoporosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
| Predictive variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (< 65 = 0, ≥ 65 = 1) | 7.00 (5.27–9.28) | < 0.001 | 4.32 (3.01–6.18) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (Male = 0, Female = 1) | 2.59 (1.97–3.39) | < 0.001 | 2.48 (1.87–3.28) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Depressive disorder | 1.37 (0.61–3.09) | 0.446 | ||
| Hypertension | 2.98 (2.26–3.92) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (0.77–1.57) | 0.595 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.73 (1.99–3.76) | < 0.001 | 1.33 (0.91–1.95) | 0.144 |
| Dyslipidemia | 2.67 (2.01–3.57) | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.01–2.06) | 0.044 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2.82 (2.00–3.96) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.78–1.70) | 0.478 |
| COPD | 2.12 (1.50–3.00) | < 0.001 | 1.43 (0.98–2.08) | 0.064 |
| Nephropathy | 2.06 (1.47–2.87) | < 0.001 | 1.13 (0.79–1.62) | 0.513 |
| Autoimmune disease | 1.46 (0.95–2.23) | 0.083 | 1.41 (0.91–2.18) | 0.120 |
| Hepatitis B | 0.58 (0.24–1.42) | 0.233 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 2.75 (1.02–7.40) | 0.045 | 1.72 (0.61–4.84) | 0.302 |
| Degree of urbanization | ||||
| Urban | Reference | Reference | ||
| Suburban | 2.03 (1.53–2.68) | < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.06–1.92) | 0.018 |
| Rural | 2.03 (1.25–3.28) | 0.004 | 1.05 (0.63–1.75) | 0.851 |
| Income group | ||||
| High income | Reference | Reference | ||
| Medium income | 0.31 (0.17–0.54) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (0.58–2.06) | 0.780 |
| Low income | 0.40 (0.25–0.65) | < 0.001 | 1.67 (0.97–2.87) | 0.064 |
| No income | 0.94 (0.67–1.30) | 0.697 | 1.74 (0.98–3.11) | 0.060 |
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease