Table 2. Characteristics of participants who were analyzed (n = 1,039; age, 40–59 years, in the INTERLIPID study in Japan, 1996–1999.
| Men | Women | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 533) | (n = 506) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 49.5 (5.3) | 49.0 (5.3) | 0.189 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 23.6 (2.7) | 23.0 (2.9) | 0.001 |
| Employed in a company*, no. (%) | 490 (91.9) | 374 (73.9) | < 0.001 |
| Education*, mean (SD), years | 12.4 (2.1) | 11.6 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
| Education years ≥ 12 years (finished high school)*, no. (%) | 443 (83.1) | 355 (70.2) | < 0.001 |
| Site, no. (%) | 0.926 | ||
| Toyama | 139 (26.2) | 135 (26.9) | |
| Sapporo | 139 (26.2) | 123 (24.5) | |
| Aito | 118 (22.3) | 117 (23.3) | |
| Wakayama | 134 (25.3) | 127 (25.3) | |
| Before menopause (women)*, no. (%) | — | 239 (47.2) | — |
| Smokers*, no. (%) | 277 (52.0) | 43 (8.5) | < 0.001 |
| Numbers of cigarettes, mean (SD), n/day | 11.6 (13.0) | 1.0 (3.7) | < 0.001 |
| Numbers of cigarettes in smokers, mean (SD), n/day | 22.3 (9.2) | 11.2 (6.6) | < 0.001 |
| Drinkers*, no. (%) | 516 (96.8) | 415 (82.0) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol intake, mean (SD), %kcal | 9.2 (7.3) | 1.6 (3.3) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol intake in drinkers, mean (SD), %kcal | 9.5 (7.2) | 2.0 (3.6) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol intake, mean (SD), g/day | 30.1 (24.6) | 4.1 (8.4) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol intake in drinkers, mean (SD), g/day | 31.1 (24.4) | 5.0 (9.0) | < 0.001 |
| Dietary energy, mean (SD), kcal/day | 2279 (423) | 1808 (325) | < 0.001 |
| Dietary total carbohydrates, mean (SD), %kcal | 52.4 (7.7) | 56.2 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
| Dietary total protein, mean (SD), %kcal | 15.7 (2.2) | 16.0 (2.2) | 0.032 |
| Dietary total fat, mean (SD), %kcal | 23.6 (4.7) | 26.1 (4.7) | < 0.001 |
| Dietary cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/1000 kcal | 197.3 (67.5) | 197.6 (65.9) | 0.939 |
| SFA, mean (SD), %kcal | 6.1 (1.6) | 7.1 (1.8) | < 0.001 |
| PUFA, mean (SD), %kcal | 6.2 (1.5) | 6.6 (1.4) | < 0.001 |
| MUFA, mean (SD), %kcal | 8.6 (2.1) | 9.4 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| TFA, mean (SD), %kcal | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Total fiber, mean (SD), g/1000 kcal | 6.8 (1.9) | 8.8 (2.3) | < 0.001 |
| Soluble fiber, mean (SD), g/1000 kcal | 1.1 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Insoluble fiber, mean (SD), g/1000 kcal | 5.7 (1.5) | 7.2 (1.8) | < 0.001 |
| Keys score, mean (SD) | 28.8 (5.9) | 31.1 (6.5) | < 0.001 |
| Serum total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 198.3 (28.2) | 201.9 (31.0) | 0.050 |
| Serum LDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 120.2 (28.3) | 123.8 (30.0) | 0.045 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 54.0 (13.8) | 60.3 (14.2) | < 0.001 |
| Serum TG, mean (SD), mg/dL | 153.5 (98.0) | 108.9 (60.4) | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 120.2 (13.0) | 113.7 (13.7) | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 76.7 (10.1) | 70.3 (9.6) | < 0.001 |
SI conversion factors: to convert serum cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply values by 0.0259. P values were obtained using the unpaired t-test or chi-squared testKeys score = 2.7 × S − 1.35 × P + 1.5 × √C; S, saturated fatty acid (%kcal); P, polyunsaturated fatty acid (%kcal); C, dietary cholesterol (mg/1,000 kcal).
*
Self-reported.