Table 1.

Parameters for acoustic and thermal simulations and their uncertainties for Monte Carlo analysis.

Simulation parameter	Symbol	Phantom type (% milk)	Mean (µ)	Measurement uncertainty $\left({\text{σ}}_{{\text{X}}_{\mathrm{j}}}\right)$	Uncertainty determination
Acoustic power (W)	P		6.3	1.05%	Error propagation of force balance-measured efficiency and reported experimental transducer electrical output
			7.9
Acoustic attenuation (Np/cm @ 1 MHz)	α	10%	0.015	16%	Difference between through-transmission and radiation force balance measurements (n = 3)
		30%	0.027
		50%	0.042
		70%	0.053
Speed of sound (m/s)	c	10%	1540.0	0.10%	Standard deviation of experimental measurement
		30%	1552.0
		50%	1560.3
		70%	1571.7
Density (kg/m3)	ρ	10%	1022	0.8%	Standard deviation of experimental measurement
		30%	1050
		50%	1040
		70%	1050
Volumetric heat capacity (kJ/m3·°C)	VHC	10%	3404	10%	Manufacturer reported error of measurement device
		30%	3361
		50%	3371
		70%	3381
Thermal conductivity (W/m·°C)	κ	10%	0.554	10%	Manufacturer reported error of measurement device
		30%	0.545
		50%	0.565
		70%	0.525