TABLE 2.
Comparison of the association of early life factors, behavioral factors, and adiposity indicators with high blood pressure using Clinical Practice Guidelines and Fourth Report in both sexes
| Boys | Girls | Total | ||||
| Variables | CPG | Fourth Report | CPG | Fourth Report | CPG | Fourth Report |
| Early life factors | ||||||
| Breastfeedinga | 1.04 (0.90–1.19) | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 0.92 (0.78–1.10) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) |
| Cesarean deliveryb | 1.14 (1.04–1.26) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) |
| Hypertension historyc | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) | 1.24 (1.09–1.40) | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 1.20 (1.10–1.30) |
| Birth weight (reference: 2.5–4.0 kg) | ||||||
| Low birth weight | 0.96 (0.71–1.31) | 0.96 (0.66–1.39) | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) | 1.04 (0.74–1.46) | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) |
| High birth weight | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.77 (0.68–0.88) | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.79 (0.72–0.86) | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) |
| Gestational Age (reference: 37–42 weeks) | ||||||
| < 37 weeks | 1.66 (1.25–2.19) | 1.92 (1.40–2.62) | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 0.98 (0.64–1.50) | 1.30 (1.04–1.62) | 1.45 (1.13–1.86) |
| ≥42 weeks | 0.85 (0.61–1.19) | 0.94 (0.63–1.39) | 1.17 (0.83–1.64) | 1.38 (0.96–1.98) | 0.99 (0.78–1.25) | 1.14 (0.87–1.49) |
| Dietary behavioral factors | ||||||
| Fruits (<2 serving/day)d | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) |
| Vegetables (<3 servings/d)e | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.06 (0.98–1.13) |
| Breakfast (<7 days/week)f | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 1.15 (0.99–1.35) | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 1.14 (0.96–1.34) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 1.15 (1.02–1.28) |
| Fried food (≥1 time/week)g | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 1.16 (1.07–1.26) | 1.07 (0.98–1.15) | 1.11 (1.01–1.21) | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 1.13 (1.07–1.21) |
| Western fast food (≥1 time/week)h | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) |
| Screen time (≥2 h/day)i | 1.09 (1.01–1.16) | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 1.23 (1.14–1.34) | 1.24 (1.13–1.36) | 1.14 (1.09–1.21) | 1.18 (1.11–1.25) |
| Physical activity (<1 h/day)j | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 1.04 (0.94–1.13) | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) |
| Meat products (reference: two to three servings/day)k | ||||||
| Less than two servings/day | 1.21 (1.10–1.33) | 1.22 (1.08–1.37) | 1.20 (1.05–1.36) | 1.22 (1.05–1.41) | 1.19 (1.11–1.29) | 1.21 (1.10–1.32) |
| More than three serving/day | 1.18 (1.03–1.34) | 1.10 (0.93–1.29) | 1.20 (1.01–1.42) | 1.27 (1.04–1.54) | 1.18 (1.06–1.30) | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) |
| Eating speed (reference: as fast as peers) | ||||||
| Slower than peers | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 0.89 (0.79–0.99) | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 0.84 (0.78–0.91) |
| Faster than peers | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) |
| Adiposity indicators | ||||||
| High WHR | 3.01 (2.64–3.43) | 2.79 (2.40–3.25) | 1.63 (1.41–1.89) | 1.73 (1.47–2.04) | 2.29 (2.07–2.52) | 2.23 (1.99–2.49) |
| High WHtR | 3.44 (3.10–3.81) | 3.01 (2.67–3.40) | 2.56 (2.24–2.93) | 2.57 (2.22–2.98) | 3.06 (2.83–3.32) | 2.82 (2.57–3.09) |
| High WC | ||||||
| ABOW | 3.55 (3.05–4.15) | 3.04 (2.55–3.63) | 1.89 (1.23–2.89) | 1.61 (1.00–2.60) | 3.26 (2.85–3.72) | 2.79 (2.40–3.24) |
| ABOB | 4.47 (3.49–5.73) | 3.95 (3.02–5.15) | 2.58 (2.00–3.34) | 2.29 (1.72–3.04) | 3.46 (2.81–4.27) | 3.05 (2.42–3.83) |
Bold text represents that ORs and 95% CI was significant at 0.05 levels. ORs were calculated after adjusting for age, regions, rural/urban areas, household economic level, and BMI groups. ABOB, abdominal obesity; ABOW, abdominal overweight; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist hip rate; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio.
aReference: not breastfeeding.
bReference: vaginal delivery.
cReference: no history.
dReference: at least two serving (200 g)/day.
eReference: at least three servings (300 g)/day.
fReference: 7 days/week.
gReference: 0 time/week.
hReference: 0 time/week.
iReference: less than 2 h/day.
jReference: at least 1 h/day.
kOne serving of meat products was equivalent to 75 g.