TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics of treated hypertensive participants, stratified by blood pressure control
| Participants with poorly controlled blood pressure | Participants with well controlled blood pressure | P value | |
| Number of participants | 18 | 59 | |
| Number of eyes | 36 | 117 | |
| Sex, female (%) | 10 (56%) | 28 (47%) | 0.547a |
| Ethnicity, Chinese (%) | 16 (89%) | 50 (85%) | 0.597a |
| Smoking status, never (%) | 18 (100%) | 55 (93%) | 0.525a |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 7 (39%) | 27 (46%) | 0.607a |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 1 (6%) | 4 (7%) | 0.668a |
| Type of antihypertensive medications | |||
| Beta blockers | 3 (17%) | 22 (37%) | 0.102a |
| Calcium channel blockers | 12 (67%) | 29 (49%) | 0.192a |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers | 7 (39%) | 32 (54%) | 0.254a |
| Others (diuretics, alpha 2 adrenergic agonist) | 2 (11%) | 9 (15%) | 0.660a |
| Numbers of antihypertensive medications | |||
| One | 12 (67%) | 33 (56%) | |
| Two | 5 (28%) | 18 (30%) | 0.767a |
| Three or more | 1 (5%) | 8 (14%) | |
| Mean ± SD / median (IQR) | |||
| Age (years) | 59 ± 11 | 57 ± 8 | 0.445a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 (23.1–27.6) | 26.2 (23.8–28.6) | 0.219a |
| Ambulatory BP (mmHg) | |||
| SBP | 148 ± 8 | 125 ± 9 | <0.001a |
| DBP | 87 ± 7 | 77 ± 7 | <0.001a |
| Mean arterial pressure | 107 ± 5 | 93 ± 7 | <0.001a |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 90.2 (86.7–95.7) | 92.4 (76.2–102.2) | 0.945a |
| Creatinine (pmol/l) | 73 (58–86) | 70 (60–79) | 0.346a |
| Urine MCR (mg/g) | 1.6 (1.1–3.7) | 0.75 (0–2.7) | 0.042a |
| Retinal capillary density (%) | |||
| Superficial vascular plexus | Both eyes: 37.2 ± 5.6 Right eyes: 37.4 ± 5.5 Left eyes: 37.6 ± 5.5 | Both eyes: 39.6 ± 5.3 Right eyes: 38.7 ± 5.8 Left eyes: 37.8 ± 6.1 | 0.355b |
| Deep vascular plexus | Both eyes: 27.2 ± 13.0 Right eyes: 26.3 ± 14.2 Left eyes: 25.4 ± 14.0 | Both eyes: 34.7 ± 11.3 Right eyes: 32.7 ± 11.0 Left eyes: 33.9 ± 10.6 | 0.039b |
BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MCR, microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Data are number (%) or mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range), as appropriate.
aFor individual-level analysis, test for differences between groups was based on independent t test for normally distributed continuous variables or Kruskal–Wallis for nonnormally distributed continuous variables and with chi-square tests or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.
bFor eye-level analysis, test for differences between groups was based on generalized estimating equation. Bold face indicates statistically significant P value.