Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adults aged ≥18 years with diabetes, by race/ethnicity, NHANES 2005–2014
| NHANES survey |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005–2006 |
2007–2008 |
2009–2010 |
2011–2012 |
2013–2014 |
|
| Total population survey | n = 608 | n = 986 | n = 807 | n = 748 | n = 725 |
| Non-Hispanic white (obs) | 240 | 416 | 329 | 215 | 275 |
| Age, yr | 61 ± 10 | 60 ± 12 | 62 ± 10 | 62 ± 11 | 61 ± 10 |
| Sex-female, % | 50.8 (44.0–57.8) | 45.4 (39.0–52.0) | 44.7 (37.7–51.8) | 46.3 (36.0–56.9) | 42.10 (35.8–48.6) |
| Education status | |||||
| < High school | 19.0 (14.6–24.3) | 21.8 (15.9–29.1) | 20.2 (15.3–26.2) | 19.0 (12.9–27.1) | 14.2 (10.3–19.2) |
| High school | 32.4 (23.4–43.0) | 32.0 (24.0–41.1) | 21.7 (15.1–30.3) | 28.7 (19.0–41.0) | 23.8 (19.8–28.4) |
| College graduate & above | 19.5 (13.0–28.1) | 19.2 (13.8–25.9) | 25.6 (19.1–33.4) | 23.4 (15.4–33.8) | 18.7 (13.4–25.3) |
| Physiological parameters | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.0 ± 5.6 | 32.4 ± 5.8 | 32.9 ± 5.9 | 33.1 ± 5.2 | 33.7 ± 6.0 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 134.9 ± 14.4 | 130.1 ± 15.5 | 126.8 ± 14.9 | 130.5 ± 12.9 | 129.4 ± 12.1 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 69.7 ± 8.8 | 69.1 ± 10.4 | 65.5 ± 10.6 | 69.4 ± 10.0 | 67.6 ± 11.1 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 146.7 ± 35.0 | 150.3 ± 51.6 | 140.9 ± 32.1 | 155.8 ± 34.9 | 159.7 ± 39.5 |
| Hemoglobin A1C, % | 6.8 ± 1.1 | 6.9 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 1.1 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 0.98 ± 0.20 | 0.96 ± 0.25 | 0.95 ± 0.24 | 0.96 ± 0.26 | 0.97 ± 0.25 |
| Urine ACR, mg/g | 98.5 ± 319.8 | 88.7 ± 414.2 | 58.9 ± 183.4 | 91.9 ± 270.6 | 130.4 ± 457.4 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 76.9 ± 15.7 | 80.8 ± 18.6 | 79.5 ± 17.9 | 79.8 ± 17.2 | 79.9 ± 17.3 |
| Non-Hispanic black (obs) | 183 | 251 | 148 | 239 | 160 |
| Age, yr | 57 ± 17 | 55 ± 19 | 57 ± 17 | 56 ± 20 | 57 ± 16 |
| Sex-female, % | 52.5 (44.1–60.8) | 57.2 (50.5–63.6) | 54.8 (46.2–63.1) | 57.2 (50.1–64.0) | 50.5 (43.1–57.8) |
| Education status | |||||
| < High school | 36.9 (27.5–47.3) | 36.4 (31.7–41.2) | 30.2 (21.0–41.5) | 29.1 (21.6–37.9) | 22.9 (15.2–32.9) |
| High school | 31.3 (23.8–39.8) | 25.7 (21.7–30.2) | 26.1 (16.7–38.4) | 21.9 (17.4–27.1) | 31.7 (26.3–37.7) |
| College graduate & above | 9.6 (5.3–16.7) | 11.2 (7.7–15.9) | 6.3 (3.1–12.6) | 18.8 (12.9–26.3) | 18.4 (12.5–26.3) |
| Physiological parameters | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.8 ± 11.0 | 34.6 ± 12.1 | 34.4 ± 10.7 | 34.7 ± 12.4 | 34.8 ± 11.0 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 137.0 ± 27.0 | 129.7 ± 26.6 | 133.3 ± 24.1 | 134.1 ± 29.5 | 134.1 ± 22.3 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 70.7 ± 24.1 | 72.7 ± 19.6 | 71.5 ± 21.0 | 71.4 ± 21.9 | 71.4 ± 22.1 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 145.1 ± 70.5 | 175.4 ± 124.2 | 152.5 ± 66.8 | 163.6 ± 94.9 | 155.0 ± 95.1 |
| Hemoglobin A1C, % | 7.6 ± 2.3 | 7.5 ± 2.7 | 7.9 ± 2.8 | 8.0 ± 3.2 | 7.8 ± 2.6 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 1.08 ± 0.47 | 1.01 ± 0.51 | 1.00 ± 0.45 | 1.04 ± 0.63 | 1.05 ± 0.47 |
| Urine ACR, mg/g | 181.6 ± 1193.6 | 242.2 ± 1542.6 | 70.7 ± 343.5 | 124.5 ± 573.6 | 138.1 ± 540.3 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 73.8 ± 29.2 | 80.4 ± 31.6 | 78.9 ± 29.8 | 77.4 ± 36.2 | 75.6 ± 28.5 |
| Hispanic (obs) | 185 | 319 | 330 | 294 | 290 |
| Age, yr | 53 ± 16 | 56 ± 18 | 55 ± 20 | 54 ± 16 | 55 ± 17 |
| Sex-female, % | 56.6 (48.1–64.9) | 50.9 (44.2–57.6) | 48.5 (40.8–56.2) | 47.8 (41.0–54.8) | 46.1 (42.2–50.0) |
| Education status | |||||
| < High school | 46.6 (32.8–61.0) | 47.5 (40.8–54.2) | 52.2 (44.9–59.5) | 45.1 (34.5–55.9) | 39.2 (33.1–45.6) |
| High school | 21.3 (16.5–27.0) | 20.7 (13.4–30.5) | 13.8 (9.7–19.1) | 20.1 (16.4–24.5) | 18.8 (13.1–26.2) |
| College graduate & above | 12.1 (4.9–26.8) | 10.8 (7.4–15.4) | 10.3 (7.1–14.9) | 13.3 (9.2–19.1) | 17.9 (13.0–24.3) |
| Physiological parameters | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.1 ± 8.3 | 30.8 ± 9.1 | 31.5 ± 9.3 | 32.3 ± 8.0 | 30.8 ± 8.0 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 127.2 ± 26.2 | 128.6 ± 27.3 | 129.7 ± 20.8 | 127.3 ± 20.8 | 127.3 ± 21.0 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 71.5 ± 13.0 | 70.1 ± 19.4 | 68.5 ± 20.1 | 70.8 ± 14.4 | 70.7 ± 15.5 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 178.1 ± 97.8 | 160.1 ± 94.7 | 162.7 ± 85.3 | 159.3 ± 69.3 | 163.4 ± 78.1 |
| Hemoglobin A1C, % | 7.6 ± 2.5 | 7.3 ± 2.4 | 7.8 ± 2.5 | 7.9 ± 2.1 | 8.0 ± 2.5 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 0.87 ± 0.35 | 0.81 ± 0.38 | 0.84 ± 0.44 | 0.83 ± 0.30 | 0.88 ± 0.45 |
| Urine ACR, mg/g | 156.6 ± 698.3 | 196.2 ± 918.4 | 177.3 ± 1352.3 | 89.3 ± 380.3 | 204.5 ± 1083.4 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 90.0 ± 25.3 | 93.0 ± 29.7 | 92.3 ± 33.6 | 93.4 ± 26.0 | 90.4 ± 28.8 |
Data are expressed in weighted means ± SD and proportions ± SD.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; obs, observations; Urine ACR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio.