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. 2019 Feb 6;10:400. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08347-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Composition and mineral characteristics of Mn-microparticles. a–d Representative elemental map of manganese in a resin-embedded sediment sample. Scale bars, 5 μm: a A back-scattered electron (BSE) image acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and b an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental map of manganese for sample U1365D-1H-2 0/20; c A back-scattered electron (BSE) image acquired by SEM and d an elemental map of manganese for sample U1365D-9H-3 35/55; yellow arrows indicate Mn-microparticles, and red arrows indicate manganese-concentrated particles without concentric growth structure and fibrous structure in the samples herein. e–i Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis results for Mn-microparticles. Scale bars, 2 μm: e cross-sectional TEM image of an FIB-cut Mn-microparticle, and f an EDS spectrum; the W peak is an artifact derived from contaminated W-deposition during focused ion-beam (FIB) fabrication. g Electron diffraction pattern. h, i Elemental maps for Fe and Mn, respectively, in sample U1365C-1H-2 0/20. Based on the EDS spectrum and electron diffraction pattern, the main constituent is poorly crystalline ferromanganese oxide