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. 2019 Feb 6;9:1516. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36107-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Behavioral effects in the Active and Sham groups. Upper row: Average performance for each item in a sequence for each stimulation condition within the Active group and for the Sham group. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. Lower row: Overnight performance change for the Memory and Insight items as a function of Stimulation Count. The three stimulation conditions (Tag & Cue, Tag & No Cue, No Tag & No Cue) are presented separately for comparison. Mixed-model ANOVA revealed a strong effect of Stimulation Count on overnight performance change for the Insight items (F(1,12.10) = 15.84, p = 0.002), but no effect on the memory items (p = 0.43). See text for details.