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. 2019 Feb 6;9:1516. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36107-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Illustration of the stimulations used in the experiment. Left panel (top) shows time-locked plots of the EEG virtual channel recording used in the SW detection algorithm, filtered from 0.5 to 50 Hz, before, during and after representative tACS and STAMP stimulations; Left panel (middle and bottom) shows stimulation amplitude and matching scalp topography for a representative subject. Here, stimulation is triggered by increases in SW power and is coupled to oscillations in the SW band (0.5 to 1.2 Hz). Clear stimulation artifacts can be seen surrounding the application of both tACS and STAMPs, as well as the return to normal range of amplitudes following the offset. Right panel shows the set of STAMPs assigned to this representative subject, with STAMPs 1 and 2 assigned to the ‘Tag’ condition, i.e., stimulated only during training; STAMPs 3 and 4 assigned to the ‘Tag & Cue’ condition, i.e., stimulated during both training and sleep; and STAMPs 5 and 6 assigned to the Control condition where no currents are applied. Note that the assignment of STAMPS to sequences was randomized for each subject and counterbalanced across subjects.