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(A) Heatmap of relative average amino acid in AF, paroxysmal AF, and persistent AF as compared with control patients. The colors in the heatmap indicated the relative amino acid levels in each group as compared with control. (B) 4-Hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic levels in control, total AF, paroxysmal AF, and persistent AF patients. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Mean ± s.e.m. *P< 0.05.
