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. 2019 Jan 14;15:1744806918820452. doi: 10.1177/1744806918820452

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© The Author(s) 2019

Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 3. — Nociceptive behaviors were induced in the repetitive ES model. Data are represented by mean ± standard deviation, n = 6 for each group. (a) The ES group spent significant more time on facial grooming on Day 1. (b) No apparent differences in the body grooming time between groups were found. (c) The ES group exhibited head-turning behaviors throughout the experimental period. (d) The ES group had more head-flicks behavior than the Sham group. (e) and (f) No differences between groups were found in rest and exploration behaviors. Compared with Sham group: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

ES: electrical stimulation.