Table 1.

The inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Men and women, 18 to 70 years of age with injuries involving the thoracic or lumbar spine (Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity score ≥5) undergoing long-segment instrumented poste- rior spinal fusion with local autologous bone graft	Renal insufficiency
	History of thromboembolic events (e.g., pulmonary embolism, embolic stroke, and deep venous thrombosis)
No neurological deficits	History of significant cardiovascular diseases (e.g., unstable angina, recent myocardial infarction, significant arrhythmia, and uncontrolled hypertension)
American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class I, II, or III
	History of acquired defective color vision Coagulation disorder
	Gross hematuria or microhematuria
	Displaced laminar fracture on computed tomography axial section that might be associated with dural tears
	Allergy to tranexamic acid
	Take aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs within a week before randomization and during the hospitalization