Table 1.

Outstanding questions for future research and approaches to address the knowledge gaps in marine systems.

questions	approaches
how does plasticity differ between populations across a species range?	experimental approaches for testing plasticity across life stages (e.g. developmental, reversible, transgenerational plasticity)
what is the connectivity and gene flow between populations?	field sampling through time in combination with genetic approaches such as microsatellite and/or parentage analysis
what is the genetic variation within and between populations across a species range?	quantitative genetic approaches
what is the heritability and GxE interactions of key traits for persistence?	experimental quantitative genetic approaches, including structured breeding designs
how do plasticity and selection outcomes differ in multi-stressor situations?	experimental approaches inducing potential multi-stressor scenarios. Make use of natural settings that vary in both temperature and other environmental parameters
how do species interactions shift along a species range?	greater field-based investigation across species' ranges (i.e. diverse environments). Ideally investigating areas with and without species overlap including in the leading edge where species are encountering novel communities
how do plasticity and selection interact in various areas of a species range?	experimental evolution approaches with short-lived species. Use areas and regions where vagrant or new species are yet to establish breeding populations to measure phenotypic and genetic difference of arriving versus persisting individuals