Figure 3.

Effects of parental sun versus parental shade on fitness traits of offspring grown in contrasting treatments. Means ± s.e are shown (pooled across 5 genotypes) for (a) plant height at week 6, (b) total vegetative biomass, (c) number of days to reproductive onset and (d) lifetime reproductive output. For each trait, significance tests for the effect of parental shade versus parental sun within each offspring treatment are shown (simple effects tests; ^†p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, non-significant (n.s.) p ≥ 0.10; details in Methods). Insets show enlarged scale for significant or marginally n.s. results within stressful, low-growth treatments. (Online version in colour.)