Table 3.

Results of ANOVA for parental effects on growth and fitness in contrasting environments. Effects of parental treatment (PT; parental shade versus parental sun), offspring treatment (OT; severe shade versus neighbour shade versus sunny dry), genotype (G), all two- and three-way interactions and block (nested within offspring treatment) on growth and fitness traits, based on significance tests from a three-way ANOVA. Significant p-values (adjusted for false discovery rate) and partial eta-squared (η²_p) values for each term are shown in italics (^†p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, non-significant p ≥ 0.10). Details in Methods.

		plant height N = 238; $R_{adj}^2\hspace{0.17em}=\hspace{0.17em}0.92$; d.f. = 50, 187		vegetative biomass N = 201; $R_{adj}^2\hspace{0.17em}=\hspace{0.17em}0.65$ d.f. = 47, 153		no. days to reproductive onset = 223; $R_{adj}^2\hspace{0.17em}=\hspace{0.17em}0.80$ d.f. = 50, 172		lifetime reproductive output N = 225; $R_{adj}^2\hspace{0.17em}=\hspace{0.17em}0.65$ d.f. = 50, 174
source of variation	d.f.	p-value	${\eta }_p^2$	p-value	${\eta }_p^2$	p-value	${\eta }_p^2$	p-value	${\eta }_p^2$
parental treatment (PT)	1	0.0411*	0.022	0.2462	0.012	0.4662	0.003	0.0857†	0.018
offspring treatment (OT)	2	<0.0001***	0.937	<0.0001***	0.678	<0.0001***	0.806	<0.0001***	0.612
genotype (G)	4	0.0501†	0.049	0.0925†	0.061	<0.0001***	0.263	0.0002***	0.130
PT×OT	2	0.0017**	0.066	<0.0001***	0.174	<0.0001***	0.169	<0.0001***	0.277
G×PT	4	0.5371	0.016	0.2462	0.039	0.0045**	0.087	0.0290*	0.063
G×OT	8	0.0191*	0.092	0.7872	0.035	<0.0001***	0.271	0.0008***	0.148
G×PT×OT	8	0.0985†	0.068	0.7979	0.029	0.0221*	0.099	0.3892	0.047
block (offspring treatment)	21a	<0.0001***	0.274	0.0308*	0.192	0.0045**	0.213	0.0084**	0.202

^aOwing to oven malfunction, block d.f. = 18 for vegetative biomass.