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. 2018 Dec 27;11(2):e9302. doi: 10.15252/emmm.201809302

Figure 2. Pattern diagram featuring gut permeability, bacterial translocation, and TLR signaling in NAFLD/NASH .

Figure 2

Gut microbiota alteration might contribute to increased gut permeability, translocation of bacteria, and microbiota products from the gut to liver through the portal vein. Different TLRs (TLR4, TLR9, TLR2, TLR5) in different cell types of the liver (Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, hepatocytes) sense bacterial products and trigger downstream inflammatory responses as well as cytokine production. Different cell types, such as Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, might interact with each other in inducing inflammation and fibrosis.