Table 2.

Symptoms and deficits in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.

Cardiac autonomic neuropathy Resting tachycardia and/or fixed HR Nondipping of nocturnal systolic BP Orthostatic hypotension Exercise intolerance Syncope and light headedness Painless myocardial infarction Arrhythmias Sudomotor neuropathy Anhidrosis Gustatory sweating Urogenital autonomic neuropathy Bladder dysfunction (1) Nocturnal frequency and urgency (2) Urinary hesitancy, weak stream, dribbling and urinary incontinence Sexual dysfunction Male: erectile dysfunction, decreased libido and retrograde ejaculation Female: decreased sexual desire and arousal, inadequate lubrication Gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy Nausea/vomiting Bloating with inability to eat a full meal Increased variability in blood sugar and hypos Nocturnal diarrhoea

BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate.