Table 2.
Mechanical stress | Markers | Mechanobiological effects | References |
---|---|---|---|
Shear stress | ECM proteins | ↑ Collagen; ↑ MMP-2,9; ↑ TIMP-2; ↓ sGAG; ↓ cathepsin-L on ventricularis | [24, 64] |
Inflammation | ↑ ICAM-1; VCAM-1 on fibrosa | ||
Osteogenesis | ↑ BMP-2,4; ↑ TGF-β on fibrosa; ↑ BAVs | ||
Pressure | ECM proteins | ↑ Collagen; ↑ sGAG; ↑ β-catenin ↑ MMP-1,3; ↓ MMP-2,9; ↓ osteopontin |
[24, 65] |
Inflammation | ↑ VCAM-1; ↑ pentraxin-3; ↑ TNF-α; ↑ IL-6 |
||
Phenotype | ↓ α-SMA | ||
Leaflet strain | ECM proteins | Elastin, ↑ MMP-1,2,9; ↑ collagen; ↑ cathepsin-S, K; ↓ TIMP-1; ↓ sGAG; ↓ cathepsin-L; |
[24, 66] |
Inflammation | ↑ ICAM-1; VCAM-1 | ||
Phenotype | ↓ α-SMA | ||
miRNA | ↓ miR-148a-3p |