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. 2019 Feb 6;13:12. doi: 10.1186/s13036-018-0132-5

Table 2.

Mechanobiological effects on valve cells under various mechanical stresses

Mechanical stress Markers Mechanobiological effects References
Shear stress ECM proteins ↑ Collagen; ↑ MMP-2,9; ↑ TIMP-2; ↓ sGAG; ↓ cathepsin-L on ventricularis [24, 64]
Inflammation ↑ ICAM-1; VCAM-1 on fibrosa
Osteogenesis ↑ BMP-2,4; ↑ TGF-β on fibrosa; ↑ BAVs
Pressure ECM proteins ↑ Collagen; ↑ sGAG; ↑ β-catenin
↑ MMP-1,3; ↓ MMP-2,9;
↓ osteopontin
[24, 65]
Inflammation ↑ VCAM-1; ↑ pentraxin-3;
↑ TNF-α; ↑ IL-6
Phenotype ↓ α-SMA
Leaflet strain ECM proteins Elastin, ↑ MMP-1,2,9;
↑ collagen; ↑ cathepsin-S, K;
↓ TIMP-1; ↓ sGAG;
↓ cathepsin-L;
[24, 66]
Inflammation ↑ ICAM-1; VCAM-1
Phenotype ↓ α-SMA
miRNA miR-148a-3p