Table 3.

Bio-ink and cell types to be used in 3D bioprinting of heart valve

Bio-ink for 3D bioprinting	Hydrogel	Natural polymers like, agar, gelatin, collagen, cellulose, fibrinogen, hyaluronic acid, or from synthetic polymers such as polyacrylamide, alginate,polyurethane, poly-ethylene-glycol or synthetic-natural mixtures like gelatin methacrylamide (GelMa), Matrigel and mixed Pluronic and calcium phosphate cell-laden hydrogels, two component DNA hydrogel ink system, poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide lactate) A-blocks partially functionalized with methacrylate groups, and poly (ethylene glycol) B-blocks, Methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) macromers were either modified with adamantine (Ad-MeHA) or β-cyclodextrin (CD-MeHA), nanocellulose-based bioink like Nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) + alginate,
	Ceramic hydrogel composite	poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and alginate combined with bioactive glass and dexamethasone, hyaluronic acid combined with UV-curable glycidyl methacrylate, metal powders mixed with polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) in DCM, PVA and phytagel (1:1), Nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) + Hydroxyapatite (HA)
Cell used in heart valve tissue engineering	Animal source	Cells	Mesenchymal stem cell, Valvular interstitial cell, Valvular endothelial cell, Endothelial progenitor cell, Endothelial cell, Bone marrow progenitor cell, Autologous amniotic fluid cell, Smooth muscle cell, Myofibroblast
		Tissue/animal	Bone marrow/bovine, Aortic valve/porcine, Aortic valve/bovine, Peripheral blood/sheep, Carotid artery/lamb, Bone marrow/lamb, Amniotic fluid/sheep, Aortic root sinus/porcine, Aortic wall/porcine
	Human source	Cells	Mesenchymal stem cell, Endothelial progenitor cell, Valvular interstitial cell, Induced pluripotent stem cell
		Tissue	Bone marrow, Adipose tissue, Umbilical cord matrix, Umbilical cord blood, Amniotic fluid, Chorionic villi, Amniotic fluid, Peripheral blood, Umbilical cord blood, Aortic valve, Skin fibroblasts