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The role HIF-1α and its downstream components play in producing an immunosuppressive environment. HIF-1α's action on the TME is primarily through its induction of VEGF-A. VEGF-A drives immunosuppression by recruiting MDSCs, promoting proliferation of Tregs, and by increasing the expression of immune checkpoint inhibitor genes on CD8+ T cells. Increasing MDSCs in the TME leads to their conversion to TAMs, specifically an M2 polarization.
