Fig 2.

Common nodes of resistance to targeted therapies within the PI3K pathway. PI3K pathway alterations that confer resistance to targeted therapies across various tumor types are shown. CRC, colorectal cancer; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HR, hormone receptor; INPP4B, inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II; MET, hepatocyte growth factor receptor; mTORC, mammalian target of rapamycin complex; PDK1, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIK3CA, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha; PIK3CG, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma; PIK3R2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta; PIP₂, phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bisphosphate; PIP₃, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase.