Extended Data Table 2.

Estimates of 1982 land cover area, 1982–2016 annual net land-cover change and 1982–2016 gross land-cover change at biome and climate zone scales. Consistent with Extended Data Table 1, annual net land-cover change (slope) and 1982 land-cover area were estimated using Theil-Sen regression of time series of annual land-cover area per biome or climate zone. Lower and upper slopes represent the 90% confidence interval. Reported p-value is for the Mann-Kendall test for trend. Gross land-cover change was estimated based on per-pixel non-parametric trend analysis. Per-pixel loss and gain were summed to derive gross loss and gain at the aggregated scales. See Extended Data Fig. 2b for the geographical distribution of biomes.

	Tree canopy cover							Short vegetation cover							Bare ground cover
		Annual net change				Gross change			Annual net change				Gross change			Annual net change				Gross change
Biome / climate zone	Area 1982 (103 km2)	Slope (103 km2 yr−1)	Lower (103 km2 yr−1)	Upper (103 km2 yr−1)	p	loss (103 km2)	gain (103 km2)	Area 1982 (103 km2)	Slope (103 km2 yr−1)	Lower (103 km2 yr−1)	Upper (103 km2 yr−1)	p	loss (103 km2)	gain (103 km2)	Area 1982 (103 km2)	Slope (103 km2 yr−1)	Lower (103 km2 yr−1)	Upper (103 km2 yr−1)	p	loss (103 km2)	gain (103 km2)
Tropical rainforest	10519	−1.9	−4.4	1.6	0.443	−332	315	3721	2.1	−1.0	5.1	0.307	−292	326	236	−0.4	−0.7	−0.1	0.025	−19	15
Tropical moist deciduous forest	3569	−2.5	−8.5	2.2	0.460	−373	285	6912	5.8	0.3	10.9	0.078	−236	386	492	−2.2	−3.0	−1.3	0.001	−71	29
Tropical dry forest	1236	−2.8	−5.1	−1.1	0.018	−184	99	5386	7.2	4.0	10.2	0.001	−70	246	821	−3.8	−5.9	−1.9	0.010	−121	32
Tropical mountain system	1333	3.5	2.4	4.5	0.000	−23	118	2092	−1.4	−3.1	0.2	0.118	−106	65	1092	−1.7	−2.7	−0.9	0.002	−61	17
Tropical shrubland|	149	0.3	−0.2	0.7	0.349	−15	20	4010	12.3	6.8	18.5	0.001	−41	371	4137	−12.0	−19.0	−6.1	0.003	−379	43
Tropical desert	19	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.532	0	1	692	1.6	0.2	3.4	0.061	−31	87	10846	−1.5	−3.4	−0.1	0.057	−88	31
Tropical climate zone	16837	−4.1	−14.4	3.6	0.320	−927	837	22691	30.0	14.7	43.0	0.002	−775	1480	17617	−25.5	−34.7	−12.0	0.002	−740	167
Subtropical humid forest	1566	8.2	4.4	12.0	0.002	−48	268	2866	−7.3	−10.5	−3.7	0.003	−236	46	196	−0.7	−1.4	−0.3	0.012	−38	22
Subtropical mountain system	516	3.1	2.3	3.8	0.000	−20	116	2571	−2.8	−4.3	−1.2	0.008	−153	68	1756	0.0	−1.7	1.8	0.932	−79	79
Subtropical dry forest	198	1.6	0.9	2.3	0.001	−8	49	1107	0.2	−0.5	0.8	0.755	−37	33	266	−1.2	−1.9	−0.6	0.002	−45	10
Subtropical steppe	179	−0.8	−2.0	0.2	0.191	−27	12	2594	−1.4	−4.2	1.8	0.460	−84	64	2106	3.2	−0.9	6.7	0.201	−61	106
Subtropical desert	29	−0.2	−0.4	0.0	0.118	−3	2	2606	−4.4	−10.3	1.3	0.233	−128	45	4001	4.5	−1.3	10.6	0.233	−46	133
Subtropical climate zone	2453	12.1	6.5	16.8	0.004	−105	448	11741	−14.0	−23.1	−5.6	0.013	−639	257	8323	5.6	−6.8	17.0	0.443	−269	350
Temperate continental forest	2172	21.4	15.1	26.0	0.000	−11	591	4451	−17.9	−22.5	−11.3	0.000	−528	28	277	−2.7	−3.4	−2.2	0.000	−61	7
Temperate mountain system	1552	5.9	3.6	7.4	0.001	−53	198	3459	−2.0	−4.0	0.5	0.211	−213	172	2175	−2.9	−5.1	−1.1	0.023	−161	62
Temperate oceanic forest	551	3.8	2.1	5.3	0.001	−6	101	1162	−3.3	−4.9	−1.8	0.003	−92	8	61	−0.4	−0.5	−0.2	0.000	−8	2
Temperate steppe	320	2.2	0.1	3.4	0.069	−18	56	4191	−2.9	−6.7	0.0	0.105	−130	72	1338	2.3	−1.5	5.8	0.363	−86	108
Temperate desert	61	−0.1	−0.2	0.1	0.514	−5	4	1661	−0.3	−2.9	3.5	0.955	−101	135	3642	0.3	−3.6	3.1	0.887	−135	103
Temperate climate zone	4681	33.5	21.0	41.9	0.000	−92	951	14814	−24.3	−37.3	−12.2	0.006	−1064	414	7491	−4.3	−14.0	1.8	0.268	−451	282
Boreal coniferous forest	3938	13.6	6.7	18.7	0.003	−75	415	4239	−12.6	−17.1	−6.3	0.002	−369	71	205	−1.4	−1.8	−0.9	0.001	−23	2
Boreal mountain system	2035	6.6	3.9	9.9	0.005	−61	225	3909	−6.2	−8.8	−3.3	0.003	−193	64	341	−1.2	−1.7	−0.6	0.002	−33	11
Boreal tundra woodland	971	1.3	−1.5	3.7	0.363	−58	82	2723	−0.9	−2.9	1.2	0.478	−63	52	228	−0.7	−1.2	−0.2	0.044	−16	5
Boreal climate zone	6796	21.0	7.9	31.0	0.009	−194	723	10857	−20.3	−27.5	−11.7	0.002	−625	187	772	−3.4	−4.5	−2.2	0.001	−71	19
Polar	236	2.2	0.9	3.1	0.009	−7	55	4109	0.4	−1.3	2.1	0.712	−43	30	3080	−2.6	−3.6	−1.1	0.010	−41	8