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The effect of ketamine on pro-inflammatory cytokine parameters on normal and treated group rats.
Notes: (A) IL-1β, (B) IL-6, (C) TNF-α, and (D) caspase-3. The results obtained are significantly different from the iso-treated group (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001).
Abbreviations: TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; NC, normal control; Iso, isoflurane; ket, ketamine; mem, memantine.
