Table 5. Raw Score Group Mean (SD) at Pretest and Posttest With Group Mean (SD) Difference Scores (Posttest Minus Pretest), Percentage Gains, and Within-Group Cohen’s d Effect Sizes (95% CI, Confidence Interval) for the Assessment of Mathematical Ability (Max Score 26) and Each Component of Mathematical Proficiency.

Math performance	Group 1 (treatment)	Group 2 (time-equivalent treatment)	Group 3 (control)
Total raw score (max. 26)
Pretest Mean (SD)	11.82 (4.73)	11.85 (4.74)	12.77 (4.99)
Posttest Mean (SD)	15.29 (4.16)	15.02 (5.08)	15.09 (4.82)
Gain score Mean (SD)	3.48 (3.70)	3.17 (4.04)	2.33 (3.80)
% Gain	13.4	12.2	9.0
Cohen’s d (95% CI)	.78 (.42–1.14)	.65 (.29–1.00)	.47 (.13–.82)
Fluency in facts (max. 7)
Pretest Mean (SD)	2.69 (1.85)	2.66 (1.78)	2.88 (1.92)
Posttest Mean (SD)	3.56 (1.82)	3.68 (2.06)	3.64 (1.95)
Gain score Mean (SD)	.87 (1.98)	1.02 (2.00)	.76 (1.93)
% Gain	12.4	14.6	10.9
Cohen’s d (95% CI)	.47 (.12–.83)	.53 (.18–.88)	.39 (.05–.74)
Fluency in concepts (max. 9)
Pretest Mean (SD)	5.70 (2.24)	5.80 (2.18)	6.05 (2.06)
Posttest Mean (SD)	6.90 (1.61)	6.78 (1.81)	6.76 (1.81)
Gain score Mean (SD)	1.20 (2.03)	.98 (2.05)	.71 (1.72)
% Gain	13.3	10.9	7.9
Cohen’s d (95% CI)	.62 (.26–.97)	.49 (.14–.84)	.37 (.02–.71)
Mathematical reasoning (max. 7)
Pretest Mean (SD)	2.72 (1.63)	2.69 (1.58)	3.01 (1.81)
Posttest Mean (SD)	3.74 (1.56)	3.49 (1.72)	3.65 (1.69)
Gain score Mean (SD)	1.02 (1.86)	.79 (1.75)	.64 (1.83)
% Gain	14.6	11.3	9.1
Cohen’s d (95% CI)	.64 (.28–1.00)	.48 (.14–.83)	.37 (.02–.71)
Problem solving (max. 3)
Pretest Mean (SD)	.71 (.73)	.69 (.71)	.83 (.75)
Posttest Mean (SD)	1.10 (.84)	1.07 (.91)	1.05 (.82)
Gain score Mean (SD)	.39 (.91)	.38 (1.06)	.21 (.91)
% Gain	13.0	12.7	7.0
Cohen’s d (95% CI)	.50 (.14–.85)	.47 (.12–.81)	.28 (−.06–.62)