Fig. 9.

Comparison of cytotrophoblast invasion toward decidual macrophages. The invasion of primary cytotrophoblast cells maintained under a variety of 24 h exposures was evaluated by Matrigel invasion assay. The invasion indices of human primary cytotrophoblast cells toward decidual macrophages treated with PBS, LPS (100 ng/ml), or LPS plus neutralizing Abs against TNF-α or IL-12 were normalized to that of the control. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments; *P < 0.01 and ^#P < 0.05.