Government	Nongovernmental
Local government	Business
Maintains primary responsibility for preparing for and responding to man-made and natural incidents	Plans for, responds to, and recovers from incidents that impact privately owned critical infrastructure and facilities
State, tribal, territorial, and insular area government	Contributes to communication and information sharing during incidents
Supplements local efforts before, during, and after incidents	Provides commodities, services, and personnel to support response
When local resources are exceeded (or when this is anticipated), requests assistance from other states or from federal government via Stafford Act process	Nonprofit, voluntary, faith-based
Federal government	Provides emergency commodities and services including water, food, shelter, case management, clothing, health resources, and supplies
Following Stafford Act declaration, provides support to state, tribal, territorial, insular area, and local governments	Engages in and supports search and rescue, transportation, and logistics services
Coordinates response of federal agencies	Manages and coordinates volunteers
Takes leading role if federal jurisdiction	Identifies unmet needs

Source. Adapted by the authors from US Department of National Security²⁵ and US Government Accountability Office.²⁶