TABLE 3—
Results of Negative Binomial Regression Models for the Ratio of Observed-to-Expected Police-Related Deaths by Census Tract ICE Measure and Poverty: United States, 2015–2016
| Census Tract Measure | Racial/Ethnic Group(s) Included in Model, IRR (95% CI) | |||
| All | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic | |
| Poverty | ||||
| Q1 (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 1.78 (1.48, 2.14) | 1.81 (1.45, 2.26) | 1.73 (1.05, 2.85) | 1.72 (1.01, 2.91) |
| Q3 | 1.88 (1.56, 2.26) | 1.94 (1.56, 2.43) | 1.78 (1.1, 2.89) | 1.47 (0.87, 2.47) |
| Q4 | 2.36 (1.98, 2.82) | 2.64 (2.12, 3.28) | 2.31 (1.47, 3.64) | 1.67 (1.02, 2.74) |
| Q5 | 3.03 (2.56, 3.60) | 3.49 (2.8,0 4.34) | 3.46 (2.25, 5.33) | 2.17 (1.36, 3.48) |
| ICE (high vs low income) | ||||
| Q1 (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 1.82 (1.52, 2.17) | 1.85 (1.48, 2.31) | 1.92 (1.23, 3.02) | 1.27 (0.84, 1.94) |
| Q3 | 2.05 (1.72, 2.46) | 2.26 (1.81, 2.83) | 1.96 (1.25, 3.08) | 1.24 (0.81, 1.90) |
| Q4 | 2.55 (2.14, 3.03) | 2.94 (2.36, 3.67) | 2.45 (1.60, 3.76) | 1.50 (1.00, 2.24) |
| Q5 | 3.36 (2.85, 3.97) | 4.10 (3.28, 5.12) | 3.59 (2.40, 5.37) | 1.95 (1.32, 2.86) |
| ICE (White vs Black) | ||||
| Q1 (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 1.02 (0.84, 1.25) | 1.01 (0.82, 1.25) | 0.61 (0.26, 1.46) | 1.17 (0.40, 3.44) |
| Q3 | 1.04 (0.85, 1.26) | 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) | 0.52 (0.23, 1.16) | 0.49 (0.17, 1.46) |
| Q4 | 1.11 (0.91, 1.35) | 1.37 (1.09, 1.72) | 0.43 (0.20, 0.94) | 0.71 (0.25, 2.02) |
| Q5 | 1.35 (1.11, 1.64) | 1.96 (1.51, 2.54) | 0.53 (0.25, 1.15) | 0.74 (0.26, 2.12) |
| ICE (White vs PoC) | ||||
| Q1 (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 1.10 (0.91, 1.34) | 1.14 (0.93, 1.41) | 0.48 (0.23, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.32, 2.90) |
| Q3 | 1.05 (0.86, 1.28) | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) | 0.47 (0.24, 0.92) | 0.47 (0.16, 1.40) |
| Q4 | 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) | 1.42 (1.13, 1.79) | 0.40 (0.21, 0.78) | 0.66 (0.23, 1.89) |
| Q5 | 1.40 (1.15, 1.71) | 2.21 (1.69, 2.88) | 0.53 (0.27, 1.02) | 0.64 (0.22, 1.84) |
| ICE (high-income White vs low-income Black) | ||||
| Q1 (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 1.91 (1.58, 2.30) | 1.95 (1.56, 2.44) | 2.18 (1.27, 3.76) | 1.24 (0.74, 2.06) |
| Q3 | 2.23 (1.85, 2.69) | 2.44 (1.96, 3.05) | 2.17 (1.26, 3.73) | 1.31 (0.80, 2.15) |
| Q4 | 2.72 (2.28, 3.24) | 3.37 (2.72, 4.17) | 2.07 (1.23, 3.48) | 1.65 (1.06, 2.56) |
| Q5 | 2.81 (2.36, 3.35) | 3.54 (2.79, 4.48) | 2.67 (1.66, 4.29) | 1.45 (0.92, 2.28) |
| ICE (high-income White vs low-income PoC) | ||||
| Q1 (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 1.95 (1.61, 2.36) | 2.14 (1.71, 2.68) | 1.74 (1.01, 2.98) | 0.79 (0.43, 1.47) |
| Q3 | 2.13 (1.76, 2.58) | 2.37 (1.89, 2.97) | 1.44 (0.83, 2.50) | 1.53 (0.91, 2.59) |
| Q4 | 2.54 (2.12, 3.04) | 3.13 (2.52, 3.88) | 1.89 (1.17, 3.05) | 1.32 (0.82, 2.13) |
| Q5 | 2.99 (2.51, 3.56) | 4.17 (3.30, 5.29) | 2.47 (1.57, 3.88) | 1.63 (1.04, 2.56) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; ICE = Index of Concentration at the Extremes; IRR = incidence rate ratio; PoC = people of color; Q = quintile. Models included random intercepts for city and state, and controlled for city population size.