Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the women by study group (at enrollment).
| Variable | Control n=521 | Intervention n=480 | P-values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | n(%) | n(%) | |
| 14-19 | 88 (16.9) | 80 (16.6) | |
| 20-24 | 212 (40.7) | 209 (43.5) | 0.112 |
| 25-29 | 127 (24.4) | 127 (26.4) | |
| 30-45 | 94 (18.0) | 64 (13.5) | |
| Highest level of education | |||
| Less than primary | 84 (16.1) | 67 (14.1) | |
| Completed primary | 303 (58.3) | 272 (56.6) | 0.276 |
| Secondary school | 114 (21.8) | 119 (24.8) | |
| College/university | 20 (3.8) | 22 (4.5) | |
| Occupation | |||
| Unemployed | 481 (92.3) | 406 (84.7) | |
| Self-employed | 22 (4.2) | 38 (7.9) | 0.023 |
| Casual labor | 13 (2.5) | 22 (4.5) | |
| Salaried | 5 (1.0) | 14 (2.9) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/living together | 433 (83.2) | 383 (79.8) | |
| Single | 60 (11.6) | 65 (13.5) | |
| Separated/divorced | 18 (3.5) | 17 (3.6) | 0.235 |
| Widowed | 2 (0.5) | 3 (0.6) | |
| Missing | 6 (1.2) | 12 (2.5) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Kikuyu | 136 (26.0) | 137 (28.6) | |
| Luhya | 108 (20.7) | 84 (17.5) | 0.180 |
| Luo | 75 (14.4) | 79 (16.5) | |
| Kamba | 105 (20.2) | 93 (19.4) | |
| Others | 97 (18.7) | 87 (18.0) | |
| Maternal height, cm | |||
| <154.5cm (25th percentile) | 136 (26.2) | 119 (24.8) | |
| 154.5-163.0cm (50th percentile) | 278 (53.3) | 252 (52.4) | 0.845 |
| >163 cm (75th percentile) | 107 (20.6) | 109 (22.8) | |
| Mid-upper arm circumference, cm | |||
| Lower (<23 cm) | 75 (15.6) | 83 (15.9) | |
| Normal (23-32 cm) | 415 (79.7) | 394 (82.1) | 0.108 |
| Overweight and obese (>33 cm) | 23 (4.4) | 11 (2.3) | |
| Time in weeks of the 1st ANC visit | |||
| First trimester (<13 weeks) | 39 (7.5) | 47 (9.8) | |
| Second trimester (13-28 weeks) | 424 (81.4) | 387 (80.6) | 0.331 |
| Third trimester (<28 weeks) | 58 (11.1) | 46 (9.6) | |
| History of stillbirth | |||
| Yes | 70 (13.4) | 61 (12.8) | 0.215 |
| No | 451 (86.6) | 419 (87.2) | |
| Parity | |||
| 0 | 183 (35.2) | 194 (40.5) | |
| 1 | 162 (31.2) | 148 (30.8) | 0.025 |
| 2 and more | 176 (33.6) | 138 (28.7) | |
| Infant’s sex | |||
| Male | 270 (51.8) | 241 (50.2) | 0.151 |
| Female | 251 (48.2) | 239 (49.8) | |
| Taking nutrient supplements | |||
| Yes | 111 (21.3) | 115 (23.9) | 0.135 |
| No | 410 (78.7) | 365 (76.1) | |
| Consumed soil/mineral stones (pica) | |||
| Yes | 162 (31.1) | 146 (30.5) | 0.421 |
| No | 359 (68.9) | 334 (69.5) | |
| Previous cases of under 5 child deaths | n=61 | n=54 | |
| <2 children | 53 (86.5) | 47 (87.2) | |
| 2-3 children | 8 (12.4) | 6 (11.5) | |
| >4 children | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.3) | |
Data are presented as a number and percentage with p-values based on the chi-square test, which accounts for clustering at the village level.
ANC: antenatal care.