Table 2. Psychiatric comorbid conditions among drug-naïve adults with ADHD, adults with ADHD treated by medication, and controls.
| Psychiatric diagnoses | Drug-naïve ADHD (n = 121) |
Treated ADHD (n = 93) |
Controls (n = 145) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) or p* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug-naïve ADHD vs. Controls | Treated ADHD vs. Controls | Drug-naïve ADHD vs. Treated ADHD | |||||||
| N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||||
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 60 | (49.59) | 46 | (49.46) | 2 | (1.38) | 71.50 (16.93–301.99) | 69.98 (16.36–299.39) | 1.02 (0.59–1.76) |
| Conduct disorder | 39 | (32.23) | 31 | (33.33) | 3 | (2.07) | 22.79 (6.83–76.09) | 23.67 (6.97–80.33) | 0.96 (0.54–1.71) |
| Tic Disorder | 10 | (8.26) | 10 | (10.75) | 2 | (1.38) | 6.44 (1.38–29.99) | 8.61 (1.84–40.26) | 0.75 (0.30–1.88) |
| Anxiety disorders | 46 | (38.02) | 27 | (29.03) | 4 | (2.76) | 21.62 (7.50–62.37) | 14.42 (4.85–42.89) | 1.50 (0.84–2.68) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 23 | (19.01) | 5 | (5.38) | 0 | (0) | < .001* | .005* | 4.13 (1.51–11.33) |
| Specific phobia | 20 | (16.53) | 9 | (9.68) | 3 | (2.07) | 9.37 (2.71–32.39) | 5.07 (1.34–19.25) | 1.85 (0.80–4.27) |
| Social phobia | 21 | (17.36) | 10 | (10.75) | 0 | (0) | < .001* | < .001* | 1.74 (0.78–3.91) |
| Panic disorder | 3 | (2.48) | 5 | (5.38) | 0 | (0) | .057* | .005* | 0.45 (0.10–1.92) |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | 3 | (2.48) | 4 | (4.30) | 1 | (0.69) | 3.66 (0.38–35.66) | 6.47 (0.71–58.83) | 0.57 (0.12–2.59) |
| Mood disorders | 34 | (28.10) | 10 | (10.75) | 0 | (0) | < .001* | < .001* | 3.24 (1.51–6.98) |
| Dysthymic disorder | 23 | (19.01) | 8 | (8.60) | 0 | (0) | < .001* | < .001* | 2.49 (1.06–5.87) |
| Major depression | 10 | (8.26) | 2 | (2.15) | 0 | (0) | < .001* | .076* | 4.10 (0.88–19.18) |
| Bipolar disorder | 1 | (0.83) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | .273* | — | .380* |
| Substance use disorders | 16 | (13.22) | 11 | (11.83) | 0 | (0) | < .001* | < .001* | 1.12 (0.49–2.55) |
| Nicotine | 16 | (13.22) | 11 | (11.83) | 0 | (0) | < .001* | < .001* | 1.12 (0.49–2.55) |
| Alcohol | 5 | (4.13) | 2 | (2.17) | 0 | (0) | .014* | .075* | 1.94 (0.37–10.23) |
| Adjustment disorders | 39 | (32.23) | 5 | (5.38) | 1 | (0.69) | 68.49 (9.24–507.77) | 8.18 (0.94–71.18) | 8.37 (3.15–22.27) |
| Sleep disorders | 49 | (40.50) | 23 | (24.73) | 1 | (0.69) | 97.99 (13.26–723.99) | 47.31 (6.26–357.46) | 2.07 (1.14–3.75) |
| Eating disorders | 6 | (4.96) | 5 | (5.38) | 0 | (0) | .007* | .005* | 0.93 (0.27–3.13) |
| Any psychiatric disorder | 106 | (87.60) | 64 | (68.82) | 11 | (7.59) | 86.08 (37.96–195.17) | 26.88 (12.63–57.21) | 3.20 (1.60–6.42) |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CI, confidence interval.
* Fisher exact p value.