Table 3. Socioeconomic factors associated with undernutrition among children 0–59 months, NDHS 2003 and 2013.
| Characteristics | Stunting | Wasting | Underweight | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% Cl] | p-value | OR [95% Cl] | p-value | OR [95% Cl] | p-value | |
| Year 2003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Year 2013 | 0.71 [0.65, 0.76] | <0.001 | 1.51 [1.34, 1.69] | <0.001 | 1.04 [0.95, 1.14] | 0.431 |
| Child's age (Months) | 1.02 [1.02, 1.02] | <0.001 | 0.97 [0.97, 0.98] | <0.001 | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | <0.001 |
| Mother's age | ||||||
| ≤ 24 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 25–34 years | 0.87 [0.81, 0.93] | <0.001 | 1.07 [0.99, 1.17] | 0.098 | 0.95 [0.88, 1.02] | 0.145 |
| 35 and above | 0.83 [0.77, 0.90] | <0.001 | 1.02 [0.92, 1.13] | 0.715 | 0.89 [0.82, 0.98] | 0.011 |
| Sex of child | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Female | 0.79 [0.75, 0.84] | <0.001 | 0.86 [0.81, 0.92] | <0.001 | 0.82 [0.78, 0.87] | <0.001 |
| Maternal working status | ||||||
| Non-working | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Working (past 12 months) | 0.97 [0.91, 1.03] | 0.251 | 0.97 [0.90, 1.05] | 0.456 | 1.00 [0.94, 1.07] | 0.843 |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Primary | 0.94 [0.87, 1.03] | 0.179 | 0.95 [0.85, 1.06] | 0.385 | 0.93 [0.85, 1.02] | 0.125 |
| Secondary and above | 0.72 [0.65, 0.79] | <0.001 | 0.86 [0.75, 0.97] | 0.016 | 0.75 [0.67, 0.83] | <0.001 |
| Father’s education | ||||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Primary | 1.03 [0.94, 1.11] | 0.561 | 0.95 [0.86, 1.06] | 0.384 | 1.00 [0.92, 1.09] | 0.977 |
| Secondary and above | 0.86 [0.79, 0.94] | <0.001 | 0.86 [0.77, 0.97] | 0.010 | 0.85 [0.77, 0.93] | <0.001 |
| Household wealth index | ||||||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Poorer | 0.98 [0.89, 1.07] | 0.588 | 0.98 [0.87, 1.10] | 0.754 | 0.97 [0.88, 1.06] | 0.458 |
| Middle | 0.92 [0.84, 1.00] | 0.052 | 1.02 [0.90, 1.15] | 0.772 | 0.90 [0.82, 0.99] | 0.034 |
| Richer | 0.74 [0.67, 0.82] | <0.001 | 1.09 [0.96, 1.24] | 0.198 | 0.79 [0.71, 0.88] | <0.001 |
| Richest | 0.53 [0.47, 0.59] | <0.001 | 0.92 [0.79, 1.08] | 0.333 | 0.66 [0.57, 0.75] | <0.001 |
| Type of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Rural | 1.16 [1.06, 1.26] | 0.001 | 0.89 [0.79, 1.00] | 0.056 | 0.95 [0.86, 1.05] | 0.276 |
| Geopolitical Zone | ||||||
| North central | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| North East | 1.43 [1.27, 1.60] | <0.001 | 1.69 [1.44, 2.00] | <0.001 | 1.78 [1.56, 2.02] | <0.001 |
| North West | 2.61 [2.33, 2.92] | <0.001 | 2.38 [2.03, 2.78] | <0.001 | 3.30 [2.91, 3.74] | <0.001 |
| South East | 0.52 [0.44, 0.61] | <0.001 | 0.92 [0.74, 1.14] | 0.432 | 0.59 [0.49, 0.72] | <0.001 |
| South West | 0.65 [0.56, 0.75] | <0.001 | 1.06 [0.87, 1.30] | 0.543 | 0.75 [0.63, 0.89] | 0.001 |
| South South | 0.86 [0.75, 0.98] | 0.030 | 0.96 [0.78, 1.17] | 0.665 | 0.88 [0.75, 1.04] | 0.129 |