Table 3.

Fully adjusted logistic models of the association of vision impairment with falls and fall-related outcomes^a

	>1 fall in past year		Any fall in past month		FoF		FoF limiting activity
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Vision Impairmentb
No VI	reference		reference		reference		reference
VI	1.71 (1.50–1.96)	<0.001	1.47 (1.30–1.65)	<0.001	1.69 (1.53–1.88)	<0.001	1.47 (1.26–1.71)	<0.001
Age, years
65–69	reference		reference		reference		reference
70–74	1.06 (0.94–1.20)	0.33	1.06 (0.88–1.27)	0.55	1.06 (0.96–1.16)	0.26	0.92 (0.74–1.14)	0.44
75–79	1.01 (0.85–1.19)	0.93	0.96 (0.80–1.14)	0.61	1.34 (1.19–1.51)	<0.001	0.92 (0.73–1.16)	0.46
80–84	1.14 (0.98–1.32)	0.09	1.20 (1.01–1.44)	0.04	1.89 (1.66–2.14)	<0.001	1.04 (0.84–1.30)	0.69
85–89	1.33 (1.11–1.58)	0.002	1.23 (1.01–1.51)	0.04	2.45 (2.14–2.80)	<0.001	1.15 (0.90–1.48)	0.26
90+	1.33 (1.11–1.60)	0.003	1.24 (0.99–1.54)	0.06	2.84 (2.36–2.42)	<0.001	1.00 (0.80–1.24)	0.98
Sex
Male	reference		reference		reference		reference
Female	0.86 (0.78–0.96)	0.01	0.83 (0.75–0.91)	<0.001	1.52 (1.40–1.66)	<0.001	0.85 (0.75–0.96)	0.01
Race/Ethnicity
White	reference		reference		reference		reference
Black	0.63 (0.56–0.69)	<0.001	0.73 (0.66–0.81)	<0.001	0.59 (0.52–0.68)	<0.001	1.05 (0.86–1.29)	0.63
Hispanic	0.73 (0.59–0.90)	0.003	1.05 (0.85–1.30)	0.63	1.22 (1.01–1.47)	0.04	1.17 (0.86–1.59)	0.31
Other	0.47 (0.34–0.63)	<0.001	0.68 (0.52–0.90)	0.01	0.73 (0.55–0.97)	0.03	0.91 (0.69–1.21)	0.53
Education
<High school degree	reference		reference		reference		reference
High school degree	0.86 (0.74–0.99)	0.04	0.82 (0.72–0.95)	0.01	0.96 (0.84–1.10)	0.59	0.83 (0.71–0.96)	0.02
>High school degree	0.90 (0.79–1.04)	0.14	0.86 (0.75–0.98)	0.03	0.99 (0.87–1.12)	0.87	0.90 (0.74–1.08)	0.25
Medicaid Beneficiary
Yes	reference		reference		reference		reference
No	0.81 (0.71–0.92)	0.001	0.84 (0.72–0.98)	0.03	0.74 (0.65–0.85)	<0.001	0.68 (0.59–0.79)	<0.001
Body Mass Index	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.11	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.47	1.03 (1.02–1.04)	<0.001	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	0.64
Comorbidities	1.37 (1.32–1.41)	<0.001	1.26 (1.22–1.30)	<0.001	1.38 (1.34–1.42)	<0.001	1.29 (1.23–1.34)	<0.001
Proxy Respondent
No proxy	reference		reference		reference		reference
Proxy	2.78 (2.31–3.35)	<0.001	2.06 (1.72–2.46)	<0.001	1.18 (1.01–1.38)	0.04	2.16 (1.65–2.83)	<0.001

CI: confidence interval, VI: vision impairment, OR: odds ratio, FoF: fear of falling

^aAll models were adjusted for NHATS survey round

^bParticipants were classified as having “any VI” if they reported distance and/or near VI in a given year