Table 2.

Total, direct and indirect (total and specific) effect paths and correlations for mindfulness and exercise programs.

Direct Effect Paths
	Unstandardized Estimates1	Posterior SD	Unstandardized 95% Cl2	p	Standardized Estimates3
MAAS --> PSS	1.247	0.523	[−2.234, −0.177]	0.014*	−0.155
MSES --> PSS	−0.33	0.044	[−0.419, −0.247]	0.00*	−0.519
ESES --> PSS	−0.657	0.881	[−2.316, 1.105]	0.454	−0.04
GPAQ --> PSS	−7.006	3.917	[−14.809, 0.497]	0.072	−0.098
MAAS --> SF12	1.754	0.856	[0.117, 3.473]	0.036*	0.148
MSES --> SF12	0.469	0.072	[0.327, 0.603]	0.00*	0.501
ESES --> SF12	1.089	1.436	[−1.673, 3.994]	0.454	0.045
GPAQ --> SF12	13.663	6.316	[1.135, 25.894]	0.036*	0.13
Meditation --> PSS	−0.623	0.697	[−1.985, 0.746]	0.372	−0.046
Exercise --> PSS	1.302	0.713	[−0.096, 2.708]	0.072	0.097
Age --> PSS	−0.047	0.025	[−0.095, 0.005]	0.068	−0.085
Sex --> PSS	−0.744	0.693	[−2.098, 0.628]	0.28	−0.05
Meditation --> SF12	2.658	1.151	[0.414, 4.910]	0.02*	0.132
Exercise --> SF12	−0.199	1.185	[−2.445, 2.198]	0.866	−0.01
Age --> SF12	0.057	0.041	[−0.023, 0.139]	0.174	0.071
Sex --> SF12	−0.064	1.134	[−2.256, 2.177]	0.952	−0.003
Meditation --> MAAS	0.202	0.098	[0.004, 0.388]	0.04*	0.119
Exercise --> MAAS	0.229	0.096	[0.036, 0.411]	0.018*	0.136
Age —> MAAS	0.013	0.003	[0.008, 0.020]	0.00*	0.196
Sex --> MAAS	0.269	0.095	[0.088, 0.459]	0.004*	0.147
Meditation --> MSES	3.894	1.288	[1.344, 6.355]	0.002*	0.183
Exercise --> MSES	2.571	1.296	[0.003, 5.088]	0.042*	0.122
Age --> MSES	0.179	0.048	[0.095, 0.277]	0.00*	0.209
Sex --> MSES	−2.341	1.2	[−4.638, 0.056]	0.056	−0.101
Meditation --> ESES	0.134	0.047	[0.046, 0.228]	0.006*	0.163
Exercise --> ESES	0.21	0.046	[0.121, 0.301]	0.00*	0.259
Age --> ESES	0.003	0.001	[0.001, 0.006]	0.006*	0.103
Sex --> ESES	0.056	0.044	[−0.029, 0.141]	0.198	0.063
Meditation --> GPAQ	0.001	0.012	[−0.022, 0.023]	0.92	0.007
Exercise --> GPAQ	0.056	0.011	[0.033, 0.078]	0.00*	0.298
Age --> GPAQ	0.001	0	[0.00, 0.002]	0.002*	0.145
Sex --> GPAQ	0.037	0.011	[0.016, 0.059]	0.002*	0.178
Total Effect Paths
Meditation --> PSS	−2.249	0.805	[−3.768, −0.598]	0.009*	−0.166
Exercise --> PSS	−0.376	0.803	[−1.968, 1.179]	0.638	−0.028
Meditation --> SF12	5.005	1.3	[2.291, 7.406]	0.000*	0.249
Exercise --> SF12	2.437	1.291	[−0.112, 4.950]	0.066	0.123
Correlations
MAAS <--> MSES	4.114	0.473	[3.215, 5.045]	0.00*	0.585
ESES <--> GAPQ	0.006	0.002	[0.003, 0.010]	0.00*	0.214
SF12 <--> PSS	−28.05	2.916	[−33.798, −22.545]	0.00*	−0.894

Indirect Effect Paths
	Unstandardized Estimatesa	Posterior SD	Unstandardized 95% Clb	p	Standardized Estimatesc
Meditation --> MAAS --> PSS	−0.231	0.169	[−0.607, 0.016]	0.054	−0.017
Meditation --> MSES -->PSS	−1.267	0.461	[0.001, −2.187]	0.002*	−0.093
Meditation --> ESES -->PSS	−0.077	0.129	[−0.364, 0.163]	0.456	−0.006
PSSMeditation --> GPAQ -->PSS	−0.004	0.093	[−0.210, 0.179]	0.928	0
Exercise --> MAAS --> PSS	−0.26	0.176	[−0.649, 0.000]	0.03*	−0.019
Exercise --> MSES --> PSS	−0.839	0.446	[0.021, −1.730]	0.042*	−0.062
Exercise --> ESES --> PSS	−0.378	0.194	[0.227, −0.536]	0.464	−0.01
Exercise --> GPAQ --> PSS	1.302	0.235	[0.036, −0.870]	0.074	−0.028
Meditation --> MAAS - -> SF12	0.318	0.259	[−0.058, 0.888]	0.074	0.016
Meditation --> MSES --> SF12	1.787	0.668	[0.490, 3.093]	0.002*	0.089
Meditation --> ESES --> SF12	0.127	0.21	[−0.234, 0.610]	0.458	0.006
Meditation --> GPAQ --> SF12	0.01	0.175	[−0.348, 0.376]	0.922	0.001
Exercise --> MAAS --> SF12	0.36	0.271	[−0.036, 0.962]	0.052	0.018
Exercise --> MSES --> SF12	1.185	0.638	[−0.067, 2.433]	0.042*	0.06
Exercise --> ESES --> SF12	0.215	0.316	[−0.361, 0.896]	0.454	0.011
Exercise --> GPAQ --> SF12	0.743	0.392	[0.056,1.591]	0.036*	0.037
Total Indirect Effect Paths
Meditation --> PSS	−1.629	0.537	[−2.719, −0.628]	0.002*	−0.12
Exercise --> PSS	−1.662	0.572	[−2.785, −0.566]	0.004*	−0.123
Meditation --> SF12	2.334	0.778	[0.834, 3.860]	0.002*	0.117
Exercise --> SF12	2.614	0.857	[0.997, 4.360]	0.002*	0.131

Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation, SF12 = medical outcomes study short form, PSS = perceived stress scale, MAAS = mindful attention awareness scale, MSES = mindfulness self-efficacy scale, ESES = exercise self-efficacy scale, GPAQ = global physical activity questionnaire

^*2-tailed significance at p < 0.05

¹unstandarized posterior mean

²unstandardized 95% credible interval

³standarized posterior mean