Table 2.
Respective performance of climate-only (CLI), climate-habitat (CLI-HAB) and climate-habitat-biotic (CLI-HAB-BIO) mixed models to predict bird and bat taxonomic and functional community metrics. (Best final models are indicated in italics. R²m = marginal Nakagawa's R² for fixed effects; R²c = conditional Nakagawa's R² for both random and fixed effects; FEve and Rao are logit-transformed and log-transformed bat activity was used as a proxy for abundance; n.s., not significant. χ² tests indicates significance level of final model according to ΔAICc. Significance levels for tests and individual predictors are as follows: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Codes for response variables and predictors as follows: SDI, Shannon diversity index; FRic, functional richness; FEve, functional evenness; Rao, functional entropy; CWM mass, community weighted mean body mass; Temp, mean annual temperature; Precip, mean annual precipitation; HLI, heat load index; Decid, deciduous tree proportion; Undric, understorey plant species richness; Stratif, understorey stratification index; Treerao, tree functional entropy; Brows, ungulate browsing; Earth, earthworm abundance; Insect, defoliating insect abundance; Spider, spider abundance.)
| CLI |
CLI-HAB |
CLI-HAB-BIO |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R²m | R²c | R²m | R²c | R²m | R²c | χ² | significant predictors | |||
| birds | climate | + habitat | + biotic | |||||||
| abundance | n.s. | n.s. | 0.024 | 0.294 | 0.085 | 0.344 | 0.004** | — | + Treerao** | + Earth*+ Insect** |
| SDI | 0.024 | 0.389 | 0.066 | 0.397 | 0.098 | 0.453 | 0.04* | + HLI** | + Treerao** | + Insect*+ Spider* |
| FRic | 0.090 | 0.293 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.121 | 0.308 | 0.009** | + Temp* | − | + Insect*+ Spider* |
| FEve | 0.083 | 0.093 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | − Prec** | — | − |
| Rao | 0.136 | 0.270 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.205 | 0.329 | 0.01* | − Prec** | — | + Spider*+ Brows* |
| CWM mass | 0.154 | 0.264 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.180 | 0.302 | 0.04* | + Temp*- Prec* | — | + Spider* |
| bats | ||||||||||
| abundance | n.s. | n.s. | 0.094 | 0.283 | 0.106 | 0.309 | 0.04* | — | + Decid**- Stratif** | + Spider* |
| SDI | n.s. | n.s. | 0.079 | 0.242 | 0.088 | 0.219 | 0.04* | — | − Stratif***+ Undric* | + Earth* |
| FRic | n.s. | n.s. | 0.036 | 0.248 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | — | − Stratif* | — |
| FEve | n.s. | n.s. | 0.103 | 0.366 | 0.111 | 0.286 | 0.02* | — | + Undric* | + Insect* |
| Rao | n.s. | n.s. | 0.054 | 0.262 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | — | − Stratif** | − |
| CWM mass | n.s. | n.s. | 0.035 | 0.153 | 0.052 | 0.153 | 0.05* | — | − Decid* | + Brows* |