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. 2019 Feb 7;9:1561. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38248-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Retinal images obtained from a 70-year-old man before and after intravitreal aflibercept therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME). (A) Fundus photograph obtained before treatment. Visual acuity was 20/100. (B) Horizontally oriented spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images before treatment. Macular edema involving the fovea is apparent and central retinal thickness (CRT) is 683 µm. (C) Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) obtained before treatment. (D) The enface image. (E) The corresponding OCT cross-sectional image through the fovea is shown directly below. The retinal vascular area is 3.75 mm². (F) OCTA images of the deep DCP obtained before treatment. (G) The enface image. (H) The corresponding OCT cross-sectional image through the fovea is shown directly below. The retinal vascular area is 3.61 mm². (I) Fundus photograph obtained 5 months after treatment. The patient received three intravitreal aflibercept injections. Visual acuity was 20/40. (J) Horizontally oriented SD-OCT image after treatment. Macular edema is resolved and CRT is 227 µm. (K) OCTA images of the SCP obtained after treatment. The retinal vascular area is 3.75 mm². (L) The enface image. (M) The corresponding OCT cross-sectional image. (F) OCTA images of the DCP obtained after treatment. The retinal vascular area is 3.66 mm². (G) The enface image. (H) The corresponding OCT cross-sectional image. The patient shows a lower vascular area with worse visual acuity after intravitreal aflibercept compared with the eyes in Fig. 1. SCP, superficial capillary plexus; DCP, deep capillary plexus.