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. 2019 Feb 8;4:3. doi: 10.1038/s41392-019-0036-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Endocrine regulation of GH and therapeutic blockade. GH is secreted from the anterior pituitary under the control of hypothalamic hormones, growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SSTN), and ghrelin, which is predominantly secreted in the stomach. Endocrine secretion of GH impacts numerous physiological systems with wide-ranging effects in various tissues. GH is also expressed in extrapituitary tissues in which it has localized autocrine/paracrine effects. Strategies to antagonize GH signaling are shown and are described in detail below