Table 2. Relative risks for current and for ex-smokers (vs never smokers).
| Disease | Study ref | Sex | Age | Relative risks (95%CI) | Adjustment factors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current smoker | Ex-smoker | |||||
| Lung cancer | HITOSU | M | 2.79 (1.27–6.09) | 3.95 (1.63–9.55) | Age | |
| F | 3.09 (1.82–5.27) | 6.72 (2.55–17.68) | Age | |||
| SEGI2 | M | 3.74 (1.75–8.00) | - | Age | ||
| F | 1.65 (0.90–3.02) | - | Age | |||
| TSUGAN | M | 1.22 (0.60–2.50) | 1.53 (0.50–4.68) | None | ||
| SOBUE2 | M | 4.47 (3.89–5.14) | - | Age +1 | ||
| F | 3.28 (2.79–3.87) | - | Age +1 | |||
| HIRAYA | M | 4.45 (3.60–5.50) | 1.71 (1.08–2.72) | Age | ||
| F | 2.34 (1.87–2.92) | 2.98 (1.14–7.77) | Age | |||
| YAMAGU | M+F | 4.90 (2.55–9.44) | 2.90 (1.43–5.90) | Age | ||
| GAO2 | M | 6.61 (3.47–12.58) | 3.56 (1.83–6.91) | Age | ||
| SOBUE | M | 4.10 (2.80–5.90) | 2.80 (1.90–4.20) | Age | ||
| F | 2.80 (2.00–3.90) | 2.10 (1.40–3.20) | Age | |||
| KIHARA | M+F | 4.06 (3.00–5.49) | 1.83 (1.20–2.79) | None | ||
| WAKAI | M | 4.40 (2.19–8.85) | 2.43 (1.16–5.06) | Age +1 | ||
| F | 4.37 (2.21–8.62) | 5.33 (1.21–23.50) | Age +1 | |||
| STELL2 | M | 6.30 (3.70–10.90) | 2.20 (1.30–4.00) | Age +1 | ||
| JPHC(SOBUE) | M | 4.50 (3.00–6.80) | 2.20 (1.40–3.40) | Age +1 | ||
| F | 4.20 (2.40–7.20) | 3.70 (1.40–10.20) | Age +1 | |||
| HIRAK1 | M+F | 2.11 (1.35–3.31) | 1.65 (0.99–2.75) | 1 (not age) | ||
| KAWAMI | M | 6.76 (2.13–21.48) | 2.35 (0.62–8.91) | Age | ||
| F | 3.67 (1.55–8.68) | - | Age | |||
| MINAMI | M | 4.75 (3.04–7.42) | 2.74 (1.71–4.38) | Age +4 | ||
| F | 1.91 (1.14–3.18) | 2.37 (1.08–5.23) | Age +4 | |||
| MARUG2 | M | 2.78 (1.94–4.00) | 2.46 (1.47–4.12) | Age +1 | ||
| F | 2.34 (1.46–3.74) | 0.93 (0.47–1.81) | Age +1 | |||
| KANASH | M | 6.31 (3.33–11.97) | 2.97 (1.55–5.70) | Age +1 | ||
| MARUG1 | M | 5.10 (3.34–7.79) | 2.60 (1.65–4.10) | Age +1 | ||
| F | 3.66 (2.50–5.35) | 2.94 (1.63–5.31) | Age +1 | |||
| JACC(OZASA) | M | 4.94 (3.77–6.47) | 2.20 (1.63–2.96) | Age +1 | ||
| F | 4.25 (2.98–6.05) | 2.19 (1.07–4.48) | Age +1 | |||
| OSAKI | M | 4.90 (2.80–8.40) | 2.20 (1.20–4.10) | Age | ||
| 3 STUDIES | M | 4.71 (3.76–5.89) | 2.10 (1.66–2.67) | Age +1 | ||
| KIYOHA | M+F | 2.10 (1.55–2.84) | 3.70 (2.44–5.60) | None | ||
| JPHC(SHIMAZU) | M | 3.29 (2.55–4.24) | 2.53 (1.85–3.45) | 1 (not age) | ||
| AKIBA a | M | Any | 3.19 (2.27–4.47) | 2.50 (1.50–4.30) | 1 (not age), age +4 | |
| F | Any | 3.14 (2.55–3.88) | 1.40 (0.70–2.60) | 1 (not age), age +4 | ||
| ITO | M+F | 4.34 (3.47–5.44) | 2.02 (1.60–2.55) | Age +4 | ||
| FUKUMO | M+F | 3.40 (2.71–4.27) | 1.34 (1.02–1.75) | None | ||
| COPD | FUKUCH | M+F | 2.96 (2.14–4.09) | 2.99 (2.12–4.22) | None | |
| TSUSHI | M+F | 5.79 (2.51–13.38) | 4.81 (1.93–12.00) | None | ||
| KOJIM2 | M | 2.55 (1.88–3.46) | 1.68 (1.20–2.34) | None | ||
| F | 1.11 (0.45–2.77) | 0.18 (0.01–2.92) | None | |||
| HIRAY2 | M | 21.31 (6.35–71.48) | 35.81 (11.06–115.94) | None | ||
| F | 56.70 (9.54–337.02) | 84.00 (18.42–382.98) | None | |||
| OSAKA | M+F | 2.74 (2.16–3.48) | 2.48 (1.89–3.25) | None | ||
| OMORI2 | M | 4.73 (2.36–9.46) | 2.39 (1.24–4.59) | Age +1 | ||
| HORIE | M | 3.59 (2.98–4.33) | 2.00 (1.66–2.40) | Age | ||
| F | 3.68 (2.27–5.96) | 0.77 (0.31–1.91) | Age | |||
| IHD | HIRAYA | M | 40+ | 1.73 (1.52–1.97) | 1.39 (1.06–1.83) | Age |
| F | 40+ | 1.90 (1.66–2.18) | 0.73 (0.24–2.24) | Age | ||
| YAMAGI | M | 40–69 | 4.39 (1.57–12.24) | 3.70 (1.20–11.20) | Age +11 | |
| UESHIM | M | 30+ | 2.14 (0.77–5.91) | 1.00 (0.28–3.53) | Age +5 | |
| F | 30+ | 1.24 (0.33–4.65) | 0.87 (0.11–6.70) | Age | ||
| 3 STUDIES | M | 40–64 | 2.50 (1.88–3.34) | 1.78 (1.28–2.46) | Age +1 | |
| M | 65–79 | 1.92 (1.46–2.53) | 1.68 (1.26–2.24) | Age +1 | ||
| F | 40–64 | 4.36 (3.01–6.32) | 2.79 (1.30–6.00) | Age +1 | ||
| F | 65–79 | 2.21 (1.62–3.02) | 2.22 (1.44–3.40) | Age +1 | ||
| KONDO | M | 20–61 | 4.76 (1.40–16.25) | 0.83 (0.15–4.50) | Age +3 | |
| 10 STUDIES | M | 40–64 | 2.25 (1.21–4.21) | 0.83 (0.34–1.98) | Age +4 | |
| M | 65–89 | 2.01 (1.26–3.22) | 1.11 (0.63–1.96) | Age +4 | ||
| F | 40–64 | 3.52 (1.61–7.68) | 4.25 (1.01–17.94) | Age +4 | ||
| F | 65–89 | 2.89 (1.73–4.83) | 1.90 (0.77–4.71) | Age +4 | ||
| JPHC | M | 45–74 | 2.26 (1.79–2.87) | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | Age +14 | |
| F | 45–74 | 2.89 (1.94–4.30) | No cases in
ex-smokers |
Age +14 | ||
| HATANA | M | 30–39 | 2.17 (1.08–4.34) | - | Age +8 | |
| M | 40–55 | 1.34 (1.01–1.79) | - | Age +8 | ||
| JACC | M | 40–79 | 1.95 (1.58–2.39) | 1.29 (1.02–1.63) | Age +6 | |
| F | 40–79 | 2.45 (1.89–3.18) | 1.07 (0.58–1.95) | Age +8 | ||
| Stroke | HIRAYA | M | 40+ | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | Age |
| F | 40+ | 1.18 (1.10–1.28) | 1.53 (1.08–2.15) | Age | ||
| YAMAGI | M | 40–69 | 1.41 (0.97–2.06) | 0.80 (0.50–1.30) | Age +11 | |
| UESHIM | M | 30+ | 1.69 (0.98–2.93) | 1.56 (0.84–2.90) | Age +5 | |
| F | 30+ | 1.66 (0.91–3.03) | 1.31 (0.50–3.39) | Age +5 | ||
| 3 STUDIES | M | 40–64 | 1.41 (1.16–1.71) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | Age +1 | |
| M | 65–79 | 1.13 (0.95–1.33) | 1.02 (0.85–1.21) | Age +1 | ||
| F | 40–64 | 2.75 (2.15–3.53) | 1.85 (1.10–3.10) | Age +1 | ||
| F | 65–79 | 1.24 (0.99–1.56) | 1.09 (0.77–1.53) | Age +1 | ||
| KONDO | M | 20–61 | 2.17 (1.09–4.30) | 1.00 (0.42–2.41) | Age +3 | |
| 10 STUDIES | M | 40–64 | 2.58 (1.54–4.33) | 1.40 (0.72–2.71) | Age +4 | |
| M | 65–89 | 1.36 (1.02–1.81) | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) | Age +4 | ||
| F | 40–64 | 1.79 (0.98–3.26) | 2.11 (0.67–6.68) | Age +4 | ||
| F | 65–89 | 1.17 (0.75–1.83) | 1.25 (0.64–2.43) | Age +4 | ||
| JACC | M | 40–79 | 1.23 (1.07–1.42) | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | Age +6 | |
| F | 40–79 | 1.35 (1.08–1.68) | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | Age +8 | ||
aEx-smoker data are from an earlier reference 56