Table 2.
Outcomes and measures for LYNX.
| Domain | Data source | Description/scale | ||
| Primary outcomes | ||||
|
|
Acceptability | CASIa | System Usability Scale [57], Intervention Acceptability Scale [61], and acceptability of app components | |
|
|
Feasibility | App analytics | Frequency of app log-ins and use of different components of LYNX | |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
|
|
HIV testing frequency | CASI, EPb, MRc | Number of HIV tests during study | |
|
|
STId testing frequency | CASI, EP, MR | Number of STI tests during study | |
|
|
HIV testing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors | CASI | National HIV Behavioral Surveillance men who have sex with men-4 (NHBS-MSM-4) | |
|
|
PrEPe knowledge and attitudes; PrEP willingness | CASI | PrEP awareness and willingness scales | |
|
|
PrEP linkage | CASI, MR | HIV-negative cascade measures | |
|
|
Social impacts | CASI | Social benefits and harms of using app | |
| Model constructs | ||||
|
|
Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) | CASI | Adapted scales based on content of app [62,63] | |
| Covariates (based on eco-social model)[6-9] | ||||
|
|
Individual | |||
|
|
|
Demographics, socioeconomic position | CASI | Age, race/ethnicity, gender identity, sexual identity, student status, education, income, family structure, employment, insurance status, and food insecurity |
|
|
|
Sexual behavior (number of sex partners, condom use, partner selection) | CASI | Numbers and types of partners, HIV-status of partners, sexual position, and condom use |
|
|
|
Drug use behavior (ie, alcohol, cocaine, meth) | CASI | Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) [64] and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) [65] |
|
|
|
Self-efficacy | CASI | HIV testing [66], PrEP use [67], condom use [68] |
|
|
|
Mental health (depression, anxiety) | CASI | Generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale and patient health questionnaire |
|
|
|
Perceived risk of HIV infection | CASI | Perceived risk of HIV scale [69] |
|
|
|
Trauma and abuse | CASI | Startle, Physiological Arousal, Anger and Numbness (SPAN) [70] |
|
|
Social/sexual network | |||
|
|
|
Social support | CASI | Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) [71] |
|
|
|
Peer norms for condom use | CASI |
|
|
|
Structural | |||
|
|
|
SRVf/city | CRFg | Geographic location of study participant |
|
|
|
Access to health care | CASI | Barriers, frequency of seeing a provider, locations, and comfortability in discussing sex with provider |
|
|
|
Incarceration history | CASI | Ever and recent history |
|
|
|
Structural discrimination | CASI | Everyday discrimination scale [72], racism, sexual minority stress [73], and medical mistrust |
|
|
|
Stigma | CASI | PrEP-related and sexuality-related |
| Other covariates | ||||
|
|
Mobile phone and technology use | CASI | Device types, operating system, and phone plan, sharing of devices, internet use and frequency, and use of social networking sites | |
|
|
Mobile app use over study period | App analytics | Login attempts, HIV testing and PrEP use, proportion complete HIV-testing plan, and proportion requesting HIV/STI home test kits | |
aCASI: computer-assisted self-interview.
bEP: electronic picture.
cMR: medical record confirmation.
dSTI: sexually transmitted infection.
ePrEP: pre-exposure prophylaxis.
fSRV: subject recruitment venue.
gCRF: case report form.