TABLE 2.
Summary of STI Prevalence Estimates Across Studies Included in the Systematic Review
| Publication | STI Screening | STI Prevalence | Associated Risk Factors | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canton et al.22 | Laboratory test/method | STI prevalence rate | Sexual risk | |||
| Urine | Shelter Type | IPV | ||||
| Blood | Total (n = 329) | Single (n = 194) | Family (n = 135) | Substance use disorder | ||
| Oral swab | HIV | 1.8% (6) | 3.3% | — | Posttraumatic stress disorder | |
| STIs screened for in the study | GC | 0.3% (1) | — | — | Childhood trauma | |
| CT | CT | 4.6% (15) | — | — | Psychiatric conditions | |
| GC | Any | 6.4% (21) | 2.1% | 7.8% | Arrest history | |
| HIV | ||||||
| Single (n = 194) | Family (n = 135) | |||||
| Prior STI testing | 95% | 99% | ||||
| Self-reported STI history | ||||||
| 33.7% (111/329) | ||||||
| Grimley et al.26 | Laboratory test/method | Sample size (n = 416) | Alcohol use before sex | |||
| Urine | STI prevalence rate of sexually active participants | Drug use before sex | ||||
| Blood | Overall rate = 16.4% (49/296) | Sex exchange for drug, money, shelter | ||||
| Oral swab | City A (n = 140) | City B (n = 156) | Condom use, always inconsistent and never | |||
| STIs screened for in the study | Rate | 12.9% (18) | 19.9% (31) | Sex with main and other partner(s) | ||
| CT | CT | 6.4% (9/140) | 15% (23/156) | |||
| GC | GC | 5.0% (7/140) | 3.2% (5/156) | |||
| Syp | Syp | 0.08% (1/133) | 1.4% (2/142) | |||
| HIV | HIV | 0.07% (1/136) | 0.06% (1/149) | |||
| STI prevalence rate of participants not sexually active | ||||||
| Overall rate = 5.2% (6/114) | ||||||
| City A (n = 71) | City B (n = 43) | |||||
| Rate | 7% (5) | 2.3% (1) | ||||
| CT | 4.2% (3/71) | 2.3% (1/43) | ||||
| GC | 2.8% (2/71) | — | ||||
| Self-reported STI history | ||||||
| City A | City B | |||||
| 32.6% (69/216) | 36.1% (72/200) | |||||
| Jenness et al.20 | Laboratory test/method | Sample size (n = 436) | Noninjection and injection substance use | |||
| Blood | Homeless (n = 238) | Binge alcohol history | ||||
| STIs screened for in the study | Self-reported STI history | 39.9% (95/238) | Unprotected vaginal or anal sex, 5+ partners | |||
| HIV | Sex exchange | |||||
| Arrest history | ||||||
| Incarceration history of partner | ||||||
| Notoro et al.27 | Laboratory test/method | Sample size (n = 2279) | Psychiatric conditions | |||
| Not noted | Homeless (n = 122) | General (n = 2157) | Other health conditions | |||
| Medical records | STIs | 8.4% (10) | 5.8% (126) | |||
| STIs screened for in the study | Hep | 9.8% (12) | 2.5% (54) | |||
| Not noted | ||||||
| Diagnosed STIs | ||||||
| Any STIs, unspecified Hep | ||||||
| Nyamathi at al.24 | Laboratory test/method | Sample size (n = 621) | Sexual risk | |||
| Not noted | Self-reported STI history | IPV | ||||
| STIs screened for in the study | 6 mo prior: range 1–2; µ = 1.50 | Substance, alcohol, injection drug use, history | ||||
| Not noted | STI prevalence not noted | Physical and sexual abuse history | ||||
| Reproductive health and care history | ||||||
| HIV test and return | ||||||
| Health status and health care service assessment | ||||||
| Mental health assessment and hospitalization history | ||||||
| Emotional and problem-focused coping | ||||||
| Stein and Nyamathi25 | Laboratory test/method | Sample size (n = 198) | Non-IDU substance use and alcohol history | |||
| Blood | STI prevalence rate | IDU substance use behaviors | ||||
| STIs screened for in the study | HCV positive = 52.5% (104/198) | Risky sexual behaviors | ||||
| HCV | HCV negative = 47.5% (94/198) | Incarceration | ||||
| Self-reported STI history | STI history | |||||
| 6 mo prior: range, 0–4; μ = 0.50 | ||||||
| Teruya et al.23 | Laboratory test/method | Sample size (n = 1331) | IPV | |||
| Not noted | STI Prevalence via self-reported STI history by race/ethnicity | Substance, alcohol, injection drug use, history | ||||
| STIs screened for in the study | n | % | Physical and sexual abuse history | |||
| Not noted | AA/Blk | 648 | 37 | Reproductive health and care history | ||
| W | 278 | 32 | Mental health assessment and hospitalization history | |||
| L/H | 405 | 13 | Health status and health care service assessment | |||
| Total | 1331 | 29 | ||||
| Vijayaraghavan et al.21 | Laboratory test/method | Prevalence Rate of one or more Diagnosed STIs | Sexual risk | |||
| Urine | Total: 31.6% (104/329) | IPV | ||||
| Blood | IPV (n = 147) | Lifetime history of substance and alcohol use | ||||
| Oral swab | 40.7% (59) | Foster care and juvenile detention history | ||||
| STIs screened for in the study | No IPV (n = 169) | Childhood trauma | ||||
| CT | 1 < STIs | 25.9% (45) | Psychiatric conditions | |||
| GC | ||||||
| HIV | ||||||
AA indicates African American; Blk, black; Hep, hepatitis; IDU, injection drug user; L/H, Latin(a/o)/Hispanic; Syp, syphilis; W, white.