Fig. 9.

Systemic administration of altenusin (2 and 10 mg/kg) at 30 minutes postinjury. Mice were euthanized and perfused after 24 hours, and cortical tissue was processed for mRNA analyses. Gene expression of anti-inflammatory and alternative activation markers IL-10 (A), IL-4ra (B), Mrc1/CD206 (C), Arg-1 (D), and Ym1/Chil3 (E) were analyzed in the cortex of sham, vehicle, and altenusin administered TBI mice. Analysis done by one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc adjustments using Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Results are expressed as means ± S.E.M. (N = 4–7 animals each group). ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 in comparison with sham treatment.